tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33803184052737181922024-03-26T04:38:41.377-07:00Chemo ConceptFor Chemical Engineers, By Chemical Engineers. Here, We Share Chemical Engineering Interview Questions, Books, Concepts, Notes, Career Advice, Study Advice, and Important Information.Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.comBlogger35125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-51340895908606430242021-08-16T04:35:00.004-07:002023-04-19T23:19:56.730-07:00Piping Interview Questions for Freshers - Chemical Engineering Interview Questions - Chemo ConceptPiping Interview Question for Fresher Consists of Several Interview Questions that are important for the piping design engineer. These interview questions will help you learn the basics of piping systems and help you prepare for your interview. Piping Interview Questions may come from many topics such as piping, tubing, comparison, size and thickness of pipes and tubes, fittings, and valves.<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgS1vmAX50sZVq9juyH80ZivJJkdbhcIFRj0IuYNRoDdr67malqKPRCgisznEEbq2RjZXtL9HJp4vVFJak-D7Y99H2nOCGLlrJe8qgkjmjtlUib4tFPvTI8re0iAiuUYwgZcNXH2uI1sWRq0h-5_TxWCi_DlIbZwe5Ytdhw5In_LV6QotIt_SqDU00lww=s1280" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Piping Interview Questions for Freshers - Chemical Engineering Interview Questions" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgS1vmAX50sZVq9juyH80ZivJJkdbhcIFRj0IuYNRoDdr67malqKPRCgisznEEbq2RjZXtL9HJp4vVFJak-D7Y99H2nOCGLlrJe8qgkjmjtlUib4tFPvTI8re0iAiuUYwgZcNXH2uI1sWRq0h-5_TxWCi_DlIbZwe5Ytdhw5In_LV6QotIt_SqDU00lww=s16000" title="Piping Interview Questions for Freshers - Chemical Engineering Interview Questions" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><div><br /><div><br />I will add more and more questions as I found new content. Also, If you want to add one of your questions for others to see, Just comment down below.</div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Piping Interview Questions</span></h2><b>Q.1 What are some examples of transportation of fluids in chemical industries?</b><br />Ans. Some common examples of transportation of fluids in chemical industries are: <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Transportation of cooling water from the cooling tower to equipment</li><li>Feeding water to the boiler for steam generation</li><li>pumping fluids in the heat exchangers</li><li>transferring fluid raw materials to a chemical processing facility</li><li>Pumping crude oil from drilling to a processing facility</li><li>Feed liquid reactants to chemical reactors</li></ul><br /><b>Q.2 What are common ways to transport fluids in chemical industries?</b><br />Ans. Piping and Tubing are the two most common ways to transport fluid in chemical industries. <br /><br /><b>Q.3 What is a pipe?</b><br />Ans. A Pipe is a hollow cylinder that is used to transport fluids. Pipes generally have a large diameter, a heavy walls with rough surfaces. <br /><br /><b>Q.4 What are common materials of construction for pipes?</b><br />Ans. Various materials can be used in the construction of pipes such as black-iron, wrought-iron, cast-iron, steel, stainless steel, copper, brass, plastics (PVC), glass, etc. <br /><br /><b>Q.5 Why pipes are generally circular?</b><br />Ans. Circular pipes don't have corners, so there is a very little amount of material erosion Square or triangular pipes have corners where materials might deposit and also erosion takes place to a greater extent at corners.</div><div><br /><b>Q.6 How are the diameters of the pipe indicated?</b><br />Ans. The diameter of pipes is indicated by nominal pipe size. For larger pipes (diameter more than 12 inches), nominal pipe size represents outer diameter. For smaller pipes (diameter less than 12 inches) there is no relation between any of the inside, outside, and nominal diameter. But nominal diameter will be in between inner and outer diameter. Outer diameter is kept constant for interchangeability of fittings for the same pipe size for the same nominal pipe size.<br /><br /><b>Q.7 How thickness of the pipe is indicated?</b><br />Ans. The thickness of the pipe is indicated by the schedule number. As schedule number increase, inner diameter decrease, and thickness increases. Outer diameter is the same for pipes with the same nominal pipe size and inner diameter changes. Common schedule numbers are 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 120, 160. 10 schedule numbered pipes are thinnest and 160 schedules numbered pipes are thickest. <br /><br /><b>Q.8 What is an allowance for expansion and why it's important?</b><br />Ans. Pipes are subjected to varying temperatures and pressures. Pipes often contract and expand due to this. So to avoid failure of the pipe, fixed support is not used. Pipes are rested on the roller or hung by chains. <br /><br /><b>Q.9 What are the selection criteria for different pipes for various applications?</b><br />Ans. There are several things considered for the design of the piping system:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Material of construction of pipe</li><li>Optimum diameter</li><li>The thickness of the pipe</li><li>Total pressure drop</li><li>Total fixed cost of piping</li></ul><br /><b>Q.10 What is tubing?</b><br />Ans. Tubing is a system of tubes connected for specific applications such as heating, cooling, reaction, transfer, etc. <br /><br /><b>Q.11 What are common materials of construction for tubes?</b><br />Ans. Tubes in the tubing system may be fabricated from many different types of materials. Common materials of construction are metals, glass, rubber, plastics, etc. <br /><br /><b>Q.12 How diameters of tubing are indicated?</b><br />Ans. The diameter of tubes is signified by the outer diameter. <br /><br /><b>Q.13 How thicknesses of various tubing are given?</b><br />Ans. The thickness of the tubing is signified by BWG (Birmingham Wire Gauge) which ranges from 24 to 7. Tubes with 24 BWG are thinnest and 7 BWG are the thickest. <br /><br /><b>Q.14 What is the difference between pipes and tubing?</b><br />Ans. <br /><table data-en-clipboard="true" data-pm-slice="1 1 []" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 550.8182067871094pxpx;"><colgroup><col style="width: 170.818px;"></col><col style="width: 190px;"></col><col style="width: 190px;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td data-colwidth="170.81820678710938" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;"><b>Characteristics</b></td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;"><b>Pipes</b></td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;"><b>Tubes</b></td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="170.81820678710938" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;"><b>Thickness of wall</b></td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">High Thickness </td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Low Thickness </td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="170.81820678710938" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;"><b>Surface Characteristics</b></td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Slightly Rough Surface</td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Smooth Surface</td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="170.81820678710938" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;"><b>Joining Methods</b></td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Screwing, Flanging, or Welding</td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Compression Fitting, Flare Fitting or Shouldered Fitting</td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="170.81820678710938" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;"><b>Material of Construction</b></td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Black-iron, wrought-iron, cast-iron, steel, stainless steel, copper, brass, plastics (PVC), glass, etc.</td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Metals, glass, rubber, plastics, etc. </td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="170.81820678710938" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;"><b>Diameter</b></td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Diameter signified by nominal pipe size. </td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Diameter signified by the outer diameter</td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="170.81820678710938" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;"><b>Thickness </b></td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Signified by Schedule Number</td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Signified by BWG (Birmingham Wire Gauge)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b>Q.15 What are fittings in piping?</b><br />Ans. Fittings are used to join or terminate pipes, change, branch, control or split flow, etc. <br /><br /><b>Q.16 What are common fittings that are used in chemical industries?</b><br />Ans. Common fittings that are used in chemical industries are: <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Join Pipes: Coupling, Union, Nipple, etc.</li><li>Change Flow: Reducer and Expander</li><li>Terminate Pipe: Blind or Plugs</li><li>Change Direction: Elbow, long radius elbow, 90-degree elbow, 45-degree elbow, etc. </li><li>Branching Flow: Tee and Cross</li><li>Controlling Flow: Valves</li></ul><br /><b>Q.17 What is a valve?</b><br />Ans. Valves are used to control the flow of fluids in fluid transportation systems. <br /><br /><b>Q.18 What are common valves that are used in chemical industries?</b><br />Ans. Common types of valves are: <br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Gate Valve</li><li>Globe Valve</li><li>Ball Valve</li><li>Butterfly Valve</li><li>Needle valve</li><li>Quarter Turn valve</li><li>Plug Valve</li><li>Check Valve (Non-Return Valve)</li><li>Diaphragm Valve</li><li>Control Valve</li></ol><br /><b>Q.19 How diameter of the pipe affect fluid velocity and pressure drop of the fluids?<br /></b>Ans. As the pipe diameter increases for a constant flow rate, fluid velocity decreases and pressure drop also decreases. <br /><br /><b>Q.20 What are some common piping design standards?</b><br />Ans. Some important piping design standards are from various institutes are: <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>ANSI (American National Standards Institute)</li><li>ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineering)</li><ul><li>ASME B31.1 - For Power Piping</li><li>ASME B31.2 - For Fuel Gas Piping</li><li>ASME B31.3 - For Process Piping</li><li>ASME B31.4 - For Light Hydrocarbons and Liquids</li><li><a href="https://www.theprocesspiping.com/codes-standards-and-recommended-practices/" target="_blank">Read Other Standard List Here</a></li></ul><li>ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)</li><li>AWS (American Welding Society)</li><li>BS (British Standards)</li><li>IS (Indian Standards)</li></ul><br />So, Do you learn something new today? Found something interesting here? Comment down below your thoughts.</div><h3 style="text-align: left;">References</h3><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.theprocesspiping.com/">https://www.theprocesspiping.com/</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3dqc4WU" target="_blank">Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering by McCabe, Smith, and Harriott</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3ulSWQK" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Unit Operation -1 by K. A. Gavhane</a></li></ul></div><br /></div></div>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-28763991205293015592021-08-16T04:27:00.006-07:002021-10-17T09:56:06.684-07:00Fluid Mechanics Interview Questions 1 - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics - Chemo Concept<p style="text-align: justify;">In this post, I have shared a list of interview questions for the subject of Fluid Mechanics. Fluid mechanics is one of the most important subjects from an industrial point of view. Learning these interviews will not only help you prepare well for the interview but will also help you to learn concepts well.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjsHIY-ohQ5G3Tf6u_-Fm_fn4ZPZ1Ux9XRJrw3jMR2AtgmJilkAQgHRy5ij2Tzshx6HrgnsQyYK6Uj--irX2MlFKv9z-oI5QCLm6DPJJPnSsiZmd7uVowNp_A2GBmYVoROZDaR9eQx_yVNMfjRUc_isCba-_PuXmgooxZw1CH8zVdYVd5JRgc-xHQDfFQ=s1280" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Fluid Mechanics Interview Questions 1 - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjsHIY-ohQ5G3Tf6u_-Fm_fn4ZPZ1Ux9XRJrw3jMR2AtgmJilkAQgHRy5ij2Tzshx6HrgnsQyYK6Uj--irX2MlFKv9z-oI5QCLm6DPJJPnSsiZmd7uVowNp_A2GBmYVoROZDaR9eQx_yVNMfjRUc_isCba-_PuXmgooxZw1CH8zVdYVd5JRgc-xHQDfFQ=s16000" title="Fluid Mechanics Interview Questions 1 - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Fluid Mechanics Interview Questions</span><br /></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>1. What are the most common states of matter?</b><br />Ans. Solid and Fluid are the two important states of matter from the point of view of chemical industries. <br /><br /><b>2. What is the difference between solid and fluid?<br /></b>Ans. Solid can resist deformation until a range and will break or change shape after it. But fluid won't resist deformation no matter how small it is. This is what differentiates solids from fluids. <br /><br /><b>3. What is fluid?</b><br />Ans. Fluid is a substance that can't resist distortion permanently no matter how low shear stress. This means how the small shear force you apply on a layer of fluid, will start moving. And won't stop until you stop applying shear stress. <br /><b><br />4. What is included in fluids?</b><br />Ans. Fluid includes both liquids and gases because both follow the definitions of fluids. <br /><br /><b>5. How we can differentiate liquids from gases?</b><br />Ans. Liquid molecules are nearer to each other than in the gas phase. So there is why there are more cohesive forces in two molecules in liquid form. This is why liquids have a higher density than gases. <br /><br /><b>6. What is mass?</b><br />Ans. Mass represents the amount of matter. Mass can't be directly measured, so it is measured by another similar term weight. The unit of mass is Kg, Grams, or lb (pronounced as a pound). <br /><br /><b>7. What is weight?</b><br />Ans. Weight is the multiplication of mass of matter and gravitational constant. Weight is often used for the measurement of mass. Weight measuring scales are widely used to measure the mass of matter. The unit of weight is Newton which unit of force. <br /><br /><b>6. What is density?</b><br />Ans. Density is the ratio of the mass of material per unit volume. Unit of density is kg/m^3 or gm/cc (here cc means cubic centimeter which means cm^3). <br /><br /><b>7. What is a specific volume?</b><br />Ans. Specific volume means the volume of the material per unit mass. (Tip. When there is specifically written before any quantity that means that quantity per unit mass. Exception. Specific gravity and specific weight)<br /><br /><b>8. What is specific weight?</b><br />Ans. Specific weight is the ratio of weight per unit volume. The unit of specific weight is Newton/m^3. <br /><br /><b>9. What is specific gravity?</b><br />Ans. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of matter to the density of standardized material. This standardized material can be water or air. For the calculations of specific gravity for liquids, water is used as a standardized liquid and for gases, air is used. <br /><br /><b>10. What is viscosity?</b><br />Ans. The viscosity of property of the fluid resists the flow of fluids. Fluids with low viscosity flow easily. For example, water having low viscosity flows very easily, and honey having higher viscosity stops after flowing to a small distance. <br /><br /><b>11. What is the rheological behavior of fluid?</b><br />Ans. The rheological behavior of fluid means how the rate of shear changes concerning shear stress. <br /><br /><b>12. Classification of fluids according to rheological behaviors. </b><br />Ans. Newtonian fluids and Non-Newtonian Fluids are the major classifications of fluid according to rheological behaviors. Non-Newtonian fluids are Bingham plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant, thixotropic, and rheopectic. <br /><br /><b>13. What is a Newtonian fluid?</b><br />Ans. Newtonian fluids are fluids that follow Newton's law of viscosity. <br /><br /><b>14. What is Newton's law of viscosity?</b><br />Ans. Newton's law of viscosity states that for Newtonian fluids rate of shear is proportional to shear stress applied on the fluid. <br /><br /><b>15. What are Non-Newtonian fluids?</b><br />Ans. Non-Newtonian fluids are fluids that don't follow Newton's law of viscosity. <br /><br /><b>16. What is aspirant viscosity?</b><br />Ans. Apparent viscosity is the ratio of shear stress and rate of shear. The apparent viscosity of Newtonian fluids is constant. For Non-Newtonian fluids this apparent viscosity changes concerning shear rate. <br /><br /><b>17. What is dynamic viscosity?</b><br />Ans. Dynamic viscosity is a property of the material. Dynamic viscosity shows us how the fluid will resist the flow. The unit of dynamic viscosity is Pa*Sec or Poise. <br /><br /><b>18. What is kinematics viscosity?</b><br />Ans. Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to the density of the fluid. This is also the property of the fluid which is how the momentum will diffuse in the fluid. The unit of kinematic viscosity is m^2/sec or stokes. <br /><br /><b>19. What is surface tension?</b><br />Ans. Surface tension is a property of a material that shows a comparison of cohesive force (attractive force between molecules of the same material) and adhesive force (attractive force between molecules of different material) of any material. <br /><br /><b>20. Application of surface tension. </b><br />Ans. The surface tension of any material shows how the material will wet the surface. Materials with low surface tension will wet the surface well. Water has high surface tension, so it wet the surface well and Mercury with high surface tension will not wet the surface well. <br /><br />So in this post, I have shared twenty interview questions about fluid mechanics from chapter introduction to the fluid. In future posts, I will share other fluid mechanics interview questions. <br /><br />Finally, if you like this article, motivate us by commenting below. Also, if you want us to write an interview question on any topic, comment down below. <br /></p>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-70408552605221691972021-07-16T04:10:00.010-07:002023-04-19T23:20:23.638-07:00Open-Circuit and Closed-Circuit Grinding - Size Reduction Operations - Mechanical Operations - Chemo ConceptMost of the <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/04/size-reduction-equipments.html" target="_blank">size reduction equipment</a> produces products of various sizes. This means from grinding we get products of a size range.<br /><br /><b><i>According to equipment and size reduction techniques used, product size range varies.</i></b><br /><br />Now to get products with low size differences, a screen can be used which separates bigger size particles from smaller or desired particles so we can send that bigger particle back to the crushing machine.<div><br />From this idea, Two different types of crushing techniques are developed and utilized in industries called <b>Open-Circuit Grinding and Closed-Circuit Grinding,</b> which we will learn in this article.<br /><br />So let's define both mechanisms of grinding.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhx09YGFNfDjItHu33X27N4z8a1Y2mJLnMZm16NnbthTIZ77rbAhHktCGVocIS1dQXGICUwetY7yeGuHLrCyYGw1Egtdpeqtu7gOxO81NJr-lUGyXmIKCKLdpvVYGx3zKRZMKilJAh3yt7Et9HDep8vH7WwCtZxakjoseubgCztuLMshWJz3GydO1AOCg=s1280" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Open-Circuit and Closed-Circuit Grinding - Size Reduction Operations" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhx09YGFNfDjItHu33X27N4z8a1Y2mJLnMZm16NnbthTIZ77rbAhHktCGVocIS1dQXGICUwetY7yeGuHLrCyYGw1Egtdpeqtu7gOxO81NJr-lUGyXmIKCKLdpvVYGx3zKRZMKilJAh3yt7Et9HDep8vH7WwCtZxakjoseubgCztuLMshWJz3GydO1AOCg=s16000" title="Open-Circuit and Closed-Circuit Grinding - Size Reduction Operations" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Open-Circuit Grinding</span></h2>In the <b>open-circuit grinding mechanism</b>, Feed is introduced to the size reduction equipment. After size reduction, products are directly sent to another unit without any return of oversize particles back to size reduction equipment. <br /><br />The open-circuit crushing mechanism is also called once though the type of crushing machine which means material passes only once through the machine will never be returned after it leaves the machine. <br /><br />This type of crushing mechanism is mostly used with size reduction equipment which provides products with satisfactory size. <br /><br />Open-Circuit Grinding can also be used for more than one grinding equipment arranged in series or parallel without the use of any classification equipment.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKVfTrdCy4DI8LB8qhYnWnpQeVbIsBeXcMnQ1gkDV_sppS3lPAPBca2KbvwO7WXrBFL93n2-DxH7Tgsj_pLkgBYBLwitStIStFJX0sdgBfBjWJv9vapItf0TfPqEnuWb95HFAT5VPESrtq/s650/Open-Circuit+Grinsing.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Open-Circuit Grinding" border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKVfTrdCy4DI8LB8qhYnWnpQeVbIsBeXcMnQ1gkDV_sppS3lPAPBca2KbvwO7WXrBFL93n2-DxH7Tgsj_pLkgBYBLwitStIStFJX0sdgBfBjWJv9vapItf0TfPqEnuWb95HFAT5VPESrtq/s16000/Open-Circuit+Grinsing.png" title="Open-Circuit Grinding" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><blockquote>In short, the final product of this type of grinding never returns back to the mill.</blockquote><br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Advantages of Open-Circuit Grinding</span></h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Simple operation:</b> As the product leaves the mill is not returned back to the mill or any type of classification is done on the product. This makes the operation very simple. </li><li><b>Minimum Equipment Requirement:</b> This type of grinding mechanism doesn't require a classifier to separate oversize and arrangement, sending oversize back to the mill so a lower amount of equipment is required. </li></ul><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Disadvantages of Open-Circuit Grinding</span></h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Wide range of product sizes:</b> Products of Open-Circuit grinding are non-uniform and may contain a wide range of product sizes.</li></ul><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Closed-Circuit Grinding</span></h2>In a <b>closed-circuit grinding</b> mechanism, Feed is introduced to the size reduction equipment. After size reduction, products are sent to classifying equipment that separates oversize particles from desired size particles, and oversize particles are sent back to crushing equipment for further size reduction.<br /><br />This type of crushing machine is used when uniform size particles are required in a product.<br /><br />For more than one crushers arranged in series or parallel can also operate in the closed-circuit grinding mechanism by providing classifying equipment after the product stream of last crushing equipment or intermediate classification can also be done to remove undersize particles.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9SJJtZXxy4odFCX4VB6pHscgwi6w4175mqSB0b8bIUKpS3tmeSqJ3LIN0iwzqqMlfuCqMW_NQ7gOcTLrommhqBpWadCymT_GuGG7YTUnmeyAnDiDC3ut0TfPBmWhK23mbUyxl1cVF2qax/s650/Closed-Circuit+Grinding.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Closed-Circuit Grinding" border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9SJJtZXxy4odFCX4VB6pHscgwi6w4175mqSB0b8bIUKpS3tmeSqJ3LIN0iwzqqMlfuCqMW_NQ7gOcTLrommhqBpWadCymT_GuGG7YTUnmeyAnDiDC3ut0TfPBmWhK23mbUyxl1cVF2qax/s16000/Closed-Circuit+Grinding.png" title="Closed-Circuit Grinding" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><blockquote>In short, the final product of this type of grinding is screened to remove oversize particles from fines so oversize particles are recycle back to the crusher. </blockquote></div><div><br />There are many advantages and drawbacks to this type of grinding scheme.<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Advantages Closed-Circuit Grinding</span></h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Higher Capacity, lower power requirement per unit amount of material, and no over-grinding of fine particles:</b> As undersize particles can be removed intermittently after any stage, more amount of feed can be fed to the machine. Also, this reduces power requirements for crushing in further stages. And as fines are removed from feed which prevents fines from over-grinding. </li><li><b>No coarse particle in the product:</b> As all the coarse particles are sent back, there is very little chance of getting coarse particles in the product.</li></ul><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Disadvantages Closed-Circuit Grinding</span></h3><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>More equipment is required for the operation which means higher capital investment is required to install this arrangement.</li></ul><div><br /></div></div><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Open-Circuit Grinding vs Closed-Circuit Grinding</span></h2><div><br /></div></div><div><table data-en-clipboard="true" data-pm-slice="1 1 []" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 380pxpx;"><colgroup><col style="width: 190px;"></col><col style="width: 190px;"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td data-colwidth="190" style="background-color: black; border-color: rgb(0, 135, 36); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: white; padding: 10px;">Open-Circuit Grinding</td><td data-colwidth="190" style="background-color: black; border-color: rgb(0, 135, 36); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: white; padding: 10px;">Closed-Circuit Grinding</td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">The final discharge of the product is sent to the next unit directly, coarse particles are not sent back for further size reduction. </td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">The final discharge of particles is classified and coarse particles are sent back for further size reduction. </td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">No need for classification equipment, less equipment is required. </td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Classification equipment required, more equipment required. </td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Suitable for smaller reduction ratio</td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Suitable for large reduction ratio</td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">May encounter over-grinding of fines </td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">No over-grinding of fines because they can be separated early. </td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Higher power requirement per unit amount of material fed</td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Lower power requirement per unit of material fed</td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Simple operation</td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Relatively Complex Operation</td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Relatively low capacity</td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Relatively high capacity</td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">More energy is required for crushing if more than one crushing stages are there. </td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Less energy is required for crushing. </td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Wide product sizes (Non-uniform product size)</td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Narrow product sizes (Uniform product size)</td></tr><tr><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Chances of having coarse particles in the product stream</td><td data-colwidth="190" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 10px;">Very fewer chances of having coarse particles in the product stream</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-39987852001164452792021-07-14T09:04:00.010-07:002023-04-19T23:20:37.434-07:00Relative Volatility - Distillation - Mass Transfer - Chemo Concept<a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/02/distillation.html" target="_blank">Distillation</a> is one of the most important <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2021/06/a-beginners-guide-of-mass-transfer.html" target="_blank">mass transfer operations</a>. And for binary distillation relative volatility is a very important parameter.<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiC2hNp0n348A-UF3vKexF3r6046eocNvv06-JRhRZIqiHU7UQYcbfniuiCG1TC7EXv-2wgT8NJSnsQYd81SpHvHBVEijrBAyKyTPsAW7GiZ71pXYzlQeaqd45bXLzywCcQ5_-NDL2ElGvmIZyOQffZ1hZMSIeI9TTR8_7NCIaa6aJpYa5fJYBBOw_KOw=s1280" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Relative Volatility - Distillation - Mass Transfer" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiC2hNp0n348A-UF3vKexF3r6046eocNvv06-JRhRZIqiHU7UQYcbfniuiCG1TC7EXv-2wgT8NJSnsQYd81SpHvHBVEijrBAyKyTPsAW7GiZ71pXYzlQeaqd45bXLzywCcQ5_-NDL2ElGvmIZyOQffZ1hZMSIeI9TTR8_7NCIaa6aJpYa5fJYBBOw_KOw=s16000" title="Relative Volatility - Distillation - Mass Transfer" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><div><div><div><br />Relative Volatility can not only help us find difficulty in separation by distillation but also helps in finding several theoretical plates required for the given separation.<br /><br />So I hope this will help you understand the importance of relative volatility, Now let's learn about it. <br /><br /><b>Table of Content</b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="#rv1">What is Relative Volatility</a></li><ul><li><a href="#rv2">The Formula of Relative Volatility</a></li><li><a href="#rv3">Importance of Relative Volatility</a></li></ul></ul><div><br /></div><h2 id="rv1" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">What is Relative Volatility?</span></h2>Before defining relative volatility, Let's understand what is volatility.<br /><br />Volatility is the ratio of the mole fraction of a component in vapor (indicated by y*) which is in equilibrium with liquid and the mole fraction of that component in liquid (indicated by x) at a specified (fixed) temperature.<br /><br /><blockquote>The volatility of component A = <b>y*/x</b></blockquote><br />Volatility is also called the vapor-liquid distribution coefficient and is represented by the K symbol (K value).<br /><br />Here, <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>y* = Mole fraction of component A in vapor phase which is in equilibrium with the liquid at a specified temperature. </li><li>x = Mole fraction of component A in liquid phase at a specified temperature</li></ul>Higher volatility indicates the component has a lower boiling point.<br /><br />Now, Relative volatility is the ratio of the volatility of one component to the volatility of another component in a binary mixture. It is important to keep in mind that relative volatility is only valid for binary mixtures.<br /><br /><h3 id="rv2" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">The Formula of Relative Volatility</span></h3>For the mixture of two-component A (Lower Boiling Point Component) and B (Higher Boiling Point Component).<br /><br />Relative Volatility of A concerning B = Volatility of Component A / Volatility of Component B<br /><br /><div data-en-clipboard="true" data-pm-slice="1 1 []"><b><blockquote>(Relative Volatility)<sub>AB</sub> = (y*<sub>A</sub>/x<sub>A</sub>)/(y*<sub>B</sub>/x<sub>B</sub>)</blockquote></b></div><br />As you might get from the above equation that relative volatility is a dimensionless quantity. <br /><br /><h3 id="rv3" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f4cccc;">Importance of Relative Volatility</span></h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Relative Volatility is helping us determine separation difficulty for any binary mixture by distillation. For mixtures with relative volatility with very large values are easy to separate by distillation. For this type of mixture, simple distillation can be the best choice.</li><li>For very low relative volatility mixtures are difficult to separate by simple distillation.</li><li>Azeotropic mixtures produce vapors that have the same composition as liquid. So, the azeotropic mixture posses relative volatility equal to one. So they are impossible to separate by simple distillation. These type of mixtures requires special types of <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/02/distillation.html">distillation techniques</a> such as azeotropic or extractive distillation.</li><li>Also, relative volatility is used in many important equations such as the Fenske equation to find a minimum number of theoretical plates required for a given separation.</li><li>Relative volatility is a very important quantity in designing distillation columns.</li></ul><div><b><span data-markholder="true"></span></b></div><div><b><span data-markholder="true"></span></b></div></div></div></div></div>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-65705309356109855112021-06-28T23:10:00.013-07:002023-04-19T23:20:51.175-07:00A Beginner's Guide of Mass Transfer Operations - Chemo Concept<p style="text-align: justify;">In the previous post, we talked about <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2021/06/mass-transfer.html" target="_blank">the basics of mass transfer</a>. That article was a bit theoretical. So in this post, we are going to learn about practical aspects of the mass transfer subject which is mass transfer operations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhoaFGBXPDGy6Su7epOIvOdCQJqnPhQJyIyOwMDTTDbVRgT93bxRA_dwj_qnQAXrbRSYZxtFMxBLkkDam4v3Nn9Z6PF0HQUaXxqsiFbIMJhEFwuzE68PqE26PhmOptzpPdTq2XcX0zsqrsUiCvgG-B-P60GOvFTjkFfUsyG5v7FUnnv9lFaji9ZrFtxwg=s1280" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="A Beginner's Guide of Mass Transfer Operations" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhoaFGBXPDGy6Su7epOIvOdCQJqnPhQJyIyOwMDTTDbVRgT93bxRA_dwj_qnQAXrbRSYZxtFMxBLkkDam4v3Nn9Z6PF0HQUaXxqsiFbIMJhEFwuzE68PqE26PhmOptzpPdTq2XcX0zsqrsUiCvgG-B-P60GOvFTjkFfUsyG5v7FUnnv9lFaji9ZrFtxwg=s16000" title="A Beginner's Guide of Mass Transfer Operations" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mass transfer operations are very important to a set of <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/07/unit-operations.html" target="_blank">unit operations</a> that follow the principles of mass transfer.</p><div><br /></div><div><b>Table of Content</b></div><ul><li><a href="#mt1">What are Mass Transfer Operations?</a></li><li><a href="#mt2">Types of Mass Transfer Operations</a></li><ul><li><a href="#mt3">Gas-Liquid Contact Mass Transfer Operations</a></li><li><a href="#mt4">Liquid-Liquid Contact Mass Transfer Operations</a></li><li><a href="#mt5">Solid-Liquid Contact Mass Transfer Operations</a></li><li><a href="#mt6">Gas-Solid Contact Mass Transfer Operations</a></li></ul></ul><div><br /></div><div>So let's start by defining mass transfer operations. </div><div><br /></div><h2 id="mt1"><b>What are Mass Transfer Operations?</b></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Mass Transfer Operations</b> are operations based on mass transfer. Mass transfer operations mean operations in which molecules transfer from higher concentration region to lower concentration region. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There are various mass transfer operations carried out in the chemical industry which you might be aware of. Also, there are many mass transfer operations types of equipment that can be equipped for various applications. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Most mass transfer operations are also separation processes that are concentration-driven. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">So let's start by classifying the mass transfer operations: </div><div><br /></div><h2 id="mt2"><b>Types of Mass Transfer Operations</b></h2><div style="text-align: justify;">Mass Transfer Operations are classified according to phases involved in the mass transfer operation. This classification is like this: </div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;">Gas-Liquid Contact Mass Transfer Operations: <i>Gas Absorption, Stripping, Distillation, Humidification, and Dehumidification</i></li><li style="text-align: justify;">Liquid-Liquid Contact Mass Transfer Operations: <i>Liquid-Liquid Extraction</i></li><li style="text-align: justify;">Solid-Liquid Contact Mass Transfer Operations: <i>Solid-Liquid Extraction (Leaching) and Crystallization</i></li><li style="text-align: justify;">Gas-Solid Contact Mass Transfer Operations: <i>Drying, Adsorption, Desorption and Ion-Exchange</i></li></ul><div><br /></div><h3 id="mt3"><b>Gas-Liquid Contact Mass Transfer Operations</b></h3><ol><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Gas Absorption and Stripping:</b> Gas absorption is a gas-liquid contact mass transfer operation in which solute transfers from the gas phase (carrier gas) to the liquid phase (solvent) by dissolving into it. An example of gas absorption is the absorption of CO<sub>2</sub> from reformed gas with the help of a mono-ethanol amine solvent. Stripping is the opposite operation of gas absorption. Stripping is a gas-liquid mass transfer operation in which solute transfers from the liquid phase (carrier liquid) to the gas phase (stripping medium). An example of a stripping operation is the separation of absorbed CO<sub>2</sub> by stripping it with steam. </li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Distillation:</b> Distillation is a gas-liquid contact mass transfer operation in which separates less volatile liquid and high volatile liquid by application of heat. An example of distillation is the separation of various petroleum products from crude oil. </li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Humidification and dehumidification:</b> Humidification is a gas-liquid contact mass transfer operation in which process gas is humidified by spraying liquid over it. Dehumidification is the reverse operation of humidification in which gas is dehumidified by cooling it. Removal of moisture from the air by cooling it to lower temperatures is an example of dehumidification.</li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote>Read also: <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/02/distillation.html" target="_blank">Distillation</a></blockquote><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/02/distillation.html" target="_blank"></a> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 id="mt4"><b>Liquid-Liquid Contact Mass Transfer Operations</b></h3><ol><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Liquid-Liquid Extraction: </b>Liquid-Liquid Extraction is a liquid-liquid contact mass transfer operation in which solute molecules transfer from one liquid (carrier liquid) to another liquid (liquid solvent) having a difference in solubility. An example of liquid-liquid extraction is the separation of the aromatic compound from gasoline reformation. Another example of liquid-liquid extraction is penicillin from fermentation broth. </li></ol><div><blockquote>Read also: <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/04/liquid-liquid-extraction.html" target="_blank">Liquid-Liquid Extraction</a></blockquote><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/04/liquid-liquid-extraction.html" target="_blank"></a></div><div><br /></div><h3 id="mt5"><b>Solid-Liquid Contact Mass Transfer Operations</b></h3><ol><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Solid-Liquid Extraction: </b>Solid-Liquid Extraction is a solid-liquid contact mass transfer operation in which solute molecules transfer from solid (carrier solid) to liquid (solvent) by dissolving it. Another name of solid-liquid extraction is Leaching. An example of solid-liquid extraction is the extraction of aroma from coffee by hot water. </li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Crystallization:</b> Crystallization is a solid-liquid contact mass transfer operation in which solid crystals are generated by the cooling of supersaturated solutions of solute and solvent. An example of crystallization is separation wax from crude oil by dewaxing carried out in petroleum. </li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote>Read also: <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/04/solid-liquid-extraction.html" target="_blank">Solid-Liquid Extraction</a></blockquote><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/04/solid-liquid-extraction.html" target="_blank"></a></div><div><br /></div><h3 id="mt6"><b>Gas-Solid Contact Mass Transfer Operations</b></h3><ol><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Drying: </b>Drying is a solid-gas contact mass transfer operation in which moisture is removed from wet solid by dry air. An example of drying is the drying of fruits, polymers, ceramic items, etc. </li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Adsorption, Desorption, and Ion-Exchange Process:</b> Adsorption is a solid-gas contact mass transfer operation in which solute molecules from gas are adsorbed on the surface of the solid. An example of adsorption is the separation of various components of air in their pure form. The opposite operation of adsorption is desorption. The separation of adsorbed gases on solid by decreasing pressures is an example of desorption. Ion exchange is another similar operation to adsorption. In ion exchange, dissolved gases and impurities are separated by ion exchange resins. Demineralization of water is an example of an ion-exchange process. </li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote>Read also: <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/04/adsorption.html" target="_blank">Adsorption</a></blockquote><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/04/adsorption.html" target="_blank"></a></div>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-28109971777765407802021-06-26T06:44:00.014-07:002023-04-19T23:22:57.494-07:00A Beginner's Guide of Mass Transfer - Chemo Concept<div data-en-clipboard="true" data-pm-slice="0 0 []">The journey of chemical engineers revolves around the term called <b>unit operation</b>. <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/07/unit-operations.html">Unit operation</a> is a single unit in a whole chemical process.</div><div data-en-clipboard="true" data-pm-slice="0 0 []"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiNDgULdG2n0qPvGrPGwsEOA8UqUI1XsfIQXUr-fuhyjCRFw3Nac9f2y7DrivpytE13EtgtwM5xqlJBEVHSII2afhRV94h-pYbuVZqZDt_Lo9yr7NqKnTFBK-ebkak6UnPmcPpGpMT5XPNttRQ_VRbtnq2KADIgELZLYa-dgdd6z3vbU2uydxQUXIrV7A=s1280" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="A Beginner's Guide of Mass Transfer" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiNDgULdG2n0qPvGrPGwsEOA8UqUI1XsfIQXUr-fuhyjCRFw3Nac9f2y7DrivpytE13EtgtwM5xqlJBEVHSII2afhRV94h-pYbuVZqZDt_Lo9yr7NqKnTFBK-ebkak6UnPmcPpGpMT5XPNttRQ_VRbtnq2KADIgELZLYa-dgdd6z3vbU2uydxQUXIrV7A=s16000" title="A Beginner's Guide of Mass Transfer" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>This single unit can be differentiated from other operations based on changes happening on the chemical. Based on these changes, we can classify unit operations into four major groups: </div><ol><li><b><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2021/06/fluid-mechanics-fluid-flow-phenomena.html" target="_blank">Fluid Flow Operations:</a></b> Pressure differences act as a driving force for this kind of operation. </li><li><b><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/07/Heat-transfer.html" target="_blank">Heat Transfer Operations:</a></b> Temperature differences act as a driving force for this kind of operation. </li><li><b><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2021/06/mass-transfer.html" target="_blank">Mass Transfer Operations:</a></b> Concentration differences act as a driving force for this kind of operation. </li><li><b><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/04/mechanical-operations.html" target="_blank">Mechanical Operations:</a></b> Operations related to solids come under this kind of operation. </li></ol><div><br /></div><div>In this post, We are going to learn about the basics of Mass Transfer and Mass Transfer Operations. These both terms look similar but there is a difference between these terms which I will clear in this article. </div><div><br /></div><div><b>Topics Covered in This Article</b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="#">What is Mass Transfer?</a></li><ul><li><a href="#">Examples of Mass Transfer</a></li></ul><li><a href="#">Types of Mass Transfer</a></li><li><a href="#">Calculations of Mass Transfer</a></li><ul><li><a href="#">Fick's First Law for Molecular Diffusion</a></li><li><a href="#">Convective Mass Transfer Flux</a></li></ul></ul></div><div><br /></div><h2 id="mt1"><b>What is Mass Transfer?</b></h2><div><b>Mass Transfer</b> is a phenomenon in which molecules transfer from higher concentration region to lower concentration region due to concentration difference driving force. This transfer of molecules can happen can be due to the thermal energy of the molecules or due to any external energy source. </div><div><br /></div><h3 id="mt3"><b>Examples of Mass Transfer</b></h3><ul><li>Let's understand mass transfer with an example: When we put a drop of ink in the tub full of water, Ink will disperse in the water as time passes. After some time, the whole water becomes blue due to the homogenous concentration of ink in it. </li><li>Another example of mass transfer is that when a person having scent applied on his/her body enters the room, the Smell of that scent will reach the people nearby. </li></ul><div><br /></div><div>Mass transfer alone can happen without any external force. But the rate of mass transfer will be low if no external mean is not involved. If we involved any external source, that will increase the rate of mass transfer greatly. We will discuss most of the mass transfer operations will have an external source to increase mass transfer further in this article. </div><div><br /></div><div>So let's classify mass transfer. </div><h2 id="mt2"><b>Types of Mass Transfer</b></h2><div>Mass transfer operations can be classified into two parts: </div><ol><li><b>Molecular Diffusion:</b> In this type of mass transfer, Molecules transfer without any external force involved. Molecules transfers based on their own thermal energy. This type of mass transfer is slower. </li><li><b>Convective Mass Transfer:</b> In this type of mass transfer, Molecules transfer with the help of an external medium such as a pump or fan which makes the mass transfer faster. </li></ol><div><br /></div><div>There are also two different types of diffusion based on the species involved: </div><ol><li><b>Binary diffusion:</b> This type of diffusion involves only two species. In these two species, one or both species might diffuse into another. Equimolar counter diffusion and diffusion of one species into another stagnant medium are two important examples of binary diffusion. </li><li>Multicomponent diffusion: This type of diffusion involves more than two species. In these more than two species diffuse into another species. </li></ol><div><br /></div><h2><b>Calculations of Mass Transfer</b></h2><div>In mass transfer, Molecular flux is calculated as the number of molecules transferred. This molecular flux can be defined as moles of species transferred per unit time and per unit area perpendicular to transfer. </div><div><br /></div><div>According to the type of mass transfer involved, Molecular flux is calculated with the help of a different set of equations. For molecular diffusion, the mass transfer can be calculated with Fick's first law. This law makes it easy to calculate molecular flux for steady molecular diffusion. Fick's second law is also available for unsteady molecular diffusion. </div><div><br /></div><h3 id="mt4"><b>Fick's First Law for Molecular Diffusion</b></h3><div><b>Fick's first law</b> states that molecular flux is proportional to the concentration gradient. Concentration gradient is a change in concentration per unit length. Mathematically it is written as </div><div><br /></div><div>Diffusional Flux = (Mass Diffusivity)*(Concentration Gradient) </div><div>J<sub>AB</sub> = D<sub>AB</sub> * (dC<sub>A</sub> / dx)</div><div><i><span data-markholder="true"></span></i></div><div><b>Where, </b></div><div>J<sub>AB</sub> = Molecular diffusional flux of species A in species B</div><div>D<sub>AB</sub> = Diffusivity of species A in species B</div><div>(dC<sub>A</sub> / dx) = Concentration gradient</div><div><br /></div><h3 id="mt5"><b>Convective Mass Transfer Flux</b></h3><div>For convective mass transfer, the equation for molecular flux can be obtained by analogy with the fluid flow or heat transfer. This can be mathematically written as: </div><div><br /></div><div>Mass Flux = (Mass Transfer Coefficient)*(Concentration Difference)</div><div><br /></div><div>N<sub>AB</sub> = K<sub>C</sub> * (C<sub>A1</sub> - C<sub>A2</sub>)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Where,</b></div><div>N<sub>AB</sub> = Convective diffusional flux of species A in species B</div><div>K<sub>C</sub> = Mass Transfer Coefficient</div><div>(C<sub>A1</sub> - C<sub>A2</sub>) = Concentration difference</div><div><br /></div><div>The above equation can be written in terms of the difference in mole fraction or pressure according to the type of system. Concentration difference calculations are convenient for liquid-liquid contact mass transfer.</div><div><br /></div><div><blockquote>Read also: <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2021/06/a-beginners-guide-of-mass-transfer.html" target="_blank">Mass Transfer Operations</a></blockquote><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2021/06/a-beginners-guide-of-mass-transfer.html" target="_blank"></a></div>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-89868015585842613532021-06-04T20:45:00.011-07:002023-04-19T23:23:20.077-07:00Fluid Mechanics - Fluid Flow Phenomena - Chemo Concept<p style="text-align: justify;">Fluid mechanics is one of the most important chemical, mechanical, civil, and related engineering subjects. The term "Fluid Mechanics" is often used in mechanical and civil engineering-related studies. The term "Fluid Flow Phenomenon" is more widely used for chemical engineering-related studies.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9LkG7Gcoa4mv2q14kg7iQ8lPqT2oHI8-UYjE3oqdRj7LUTcIxaWDh6ntizvIxZHbjCROaPRz24jzqmN_kBdNcKDMwz84ws4lDUFjF4zUruDoUtG2U4IVKQiKlfcE4K8jh1H-v3RhwzaKOTaJGvQcMrkkFu9gd9rexniJPDH3Fa8PLxNRR24L1ZWnS1Q=s1280" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Fluid Mechanics - Fluid Flow Phenomena" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9LkG7Gcoa4mv2q14kg7iQ8lPqT2oHI8-UYjE3oqdRj7LUTcIxaWDh6ntizvIxZHbjCROaPRz24jzqmN_kBdNcKDMwz84ws4lDUFjF4zUruDoUtG2U4IVKQiKlfcE4K8jh1H-v3RhwzaKOTaJGvQcMrkkFu9gd9rexniJPDH3Fa8PLxNRR24L1ZWnS1Q=s16000" title="Fluid Mechanics - Fluid Flow Phenomena" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: center;">What is Fluid Mechanics (Fluid Flow Phenomenon)?</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">Fluid Mechanics (Fluid Flow Phenomenon) is a study of fluids that are at rest or moving. Fluid Mechanics deals with how fluid or fluid flow will get affected by various parameters such as velocity change, pressure change, or elevation change. Also, Fluid Mechanics helps us understand different types of fluids and their important characteristics. Major equipment studies in fluid mechanics are used to measure pressure, velocity, or flow to control the fluid flow. </p><h3 style="text-align: center;">Classification of Fluid Mechanics</h3><p>The fluid mechanics subject can be divided into three parts. </p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Fluid Statics:</b> Study of fluid at rest. How the pressure change takes place at various elevations due to the effect of gravity is the main aim of fluid statics. Hydrostatic equilibrium, manometers, and pressure measurement of static fluid are essential topics of fluid statics. </li><li><b>Fluid Kinematics:</b> Study of flow (velocity) of fluid. How velocity change takes place is the main aim of fluid kinematics. Types of the flow of fluid, path lines, streamlines, stream tubes, and several laws such as mass, momentum, and energy conservation are part of fluid kinematics. </li><li><b>Fluid Dynamics:</b> Study of the effect of forces of flowing fluid or fluid at rest. Types of fluids, the relation between shear stress and the shear rate of different fluids, and kinematic and dynamic viscosities ome important topics of fluid dynamics. </li></ol><p></p>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-7000655979102522932021-05-05T21:06:00.010-07:002023-04-19T23:22:39.272-07:00Chemical Manufacturing - Process Technology - Chemo Concept<p></p><div style="text-align: justify;">The role of a chemical engineer revolves around the manufacturing of chemicals. There is a wide variety of chemicals that are manufactured around the globe by various companies. The manufacturing of every chemical is different from another chemical.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_xbgDb678CJjQVaES-sb45I12Mwdrlw5rpJ5qfVhtXEpAIHeUhd1bZ82O8ABg8jWrrkhRnAkm5xIKIzMG0eskzrsDU0J4m2R_nFO8JVLPs1H2zLNdtEX2QHVzvJvI2gQTzuPBk8wlWWDqN3jWJoDciQBQJaijo3ghBpuogr0Vh1wc-PLfkacIIz2UDQ=s1280" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Chemical Manufacturing - Process Technology" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_xbgDb678CJjQVaES-sb45I12Mwdrlw5rpJ5qfVhtXEpAIHeUhd1bZ82O8ABg8jWrrkhRnAkm5xIKIzMG0eskzrsDU0J4m2R_nFO8JVLPs1H2zLNdtEX2QHVzvJvI2gQTzuPBk8wlWWDqN3jWJoDciQBQJaijo3ghBpuogr0Vh1wc-PLfkacIIz2UDQ=s16000" title="Chemical Manufacturing - Process Technology" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Learning about various chemicals produced in chemical industries helps you understand the scope of chemical engineering. All the chemicals and their manufacturing process are studied in a subject called process technology.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In this post, we are going to take a look at various chemicals produced in the chemical industries and will classify chemicals and industries to make it easier to study manufacturing processes. In future posts, we are going to see the manufacturing of various important chemicals.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: center;">What is a chemical manufacturing process?</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The chemical manufacturing process is method consists of one or more steps employed to convert low-value raw materials to high-value final products. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Every chemical produced in the chemical plant requires different steps in manufacturing. These steps are called unit operations and unit processes. Let's understand what are unit operations and unit processes. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Unit Operations:</b> Physical changes takes place inside raw materials when the unit operation is applied to them. Change of pressure, the temperature of composition changes takes place in unit operations. </li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Unit Processes:</b> Chemical changes take place inside raw materials when unit processes are applied to them. Reactions are the heart of unit processes. Change of molecular structure and chemical properties may change in unit processes. </li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">I hope you now understand what is the chemical manufacturing process. Now we will take a look at all the chemicals produced in the chemical industry. Then we will learn about the classification of various industries. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: center;"><b>Classification of industries according to chemicals produced</b></h3><div><b><br /></b></div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Inorganic Chemicals Producing Industries:</b> Companies producing inorganic chemicals have come under this type of company. Chemicals such as industrial acids, bases, and salts are produced in these types of companies. </li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Fertilizers Producing Industries:</b> Companies fertilizers such as urea, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, superphosphates, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, etc. These type of chemicals produces raw materials which are inorganic chemicals themselves or import from other companies. </li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Petroleum Refining Industries:</b> Companies that refine crude oil and produce important chemicals such as petrol, diesel, kerosene, gas oils, petroleum coke, LPG, asphalt, etc. </li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Petrochemical Industries:</b> Companies that produce important organic compounds from refined products of petroleum. These type of industries produces chemicals such as benzene, toluene, phenols, methanol, etc. </li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Polymer Producing Industries:</b> Companies that produce polymer products such as polythene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters, resins, fibers, rubbers, etc. </li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Natural Product Producing Industries:</b> Companies that produce products that are produced from natural sources. Products such as paper and pump, sugar, fats, cement, glass, ceramics, soaps, and detergents. </li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Paint and Dyes Producing Industries:</b> Companies that produce paints and dyes for painting purposes. </li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Fuels Producing Industries:</b> Companies that produce industrial-grade fuels for other companies. These type of companies produces solid fuels including various types of coals and solid fuels, liquid fuels including various petroleum products and gaseous fuels such as natural gas, water gas, hydrogen gas, acetylene gas, etc.</li></ol><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: center;"><b>List of important chemicals produced in various industries</b></h3><div><br /></div><div> Here is a list of chemicals according to industries classified above: </div><ol><li>Inorganic Chemicals</li><ul><li>Hydrogen Gas</li><li>Oxygen Gas</li><li>Nitrogen Gas</li><li>Acetylene Gas</li><li>Carbon Dioxide Gas</li><li>Chlorine Gas</li><li>Sulphuric Acid</li><li>Nitric Acid</li><li>Phosphoric Acid</li><li>Hydrochloric Acid</li><li>Acetic Acid</li><li>Benzoic Acid</li><li>Formic Acid</li><li>Oxalic Acid</li><li>Phthalic Acid </li><li>Sodium Chloride</li><li>Sodium Hydroxide</li><li>Sodium Carbonate</li><li>Sodium Bicarbonate</li></ul><li>Fertilizers</li><ul><li>Urea</li><li>Ammonium Chloride</li><li>Ammonium Phosphate</li><li>Ammonium Sulphate</li><li>Calcium Ammonium Nitrate</li><li>Single superphosphate</li><li>Triple superphosphate</li><li>Potassium Chloride</li><li>Potassium Sulfate</li><li>Composite Fertilizers</li></ul><li>Refined Products of Petroleum</li><li>Petrochemical Products</li><ul><li>Ethylene</li><li>Propylene</li><li>Propylene Oxide</li><li>Isopropanol</li><li>Benzene</li><li>Methanol</li><li>Ethyl Benzene</li><li>Styrene</li><li>Cumene</li><li>Phenol</li><li>Bisphenol</li><li>Aniline</li></ul><li>Polymer Products</li><ul><li>Polyethene</li><li>Polypropylene</li><li>Polystyrene</li><li>Polyvinyl Chloride</li><li>Urea Formaldehyde</li><li>Melamine Formaldehyde</li><li>Styrene-Butadiene Rubber</li><li>Poly Butadiene</li><li>Nitrile Rubber</li><li>Polyester</li><li>Acrylonitrile</li><li>Polyurethane</li><li>Cellulosic Fibres</li></ul><li>Natural Product Producing Industries</li><ul><li>Paper and Pulp </li><li>Soaps and Detergents</li><li>Sugar and Alcohol Manufacturing (Fermentation Products)</li><li>Cement</li><li>Ceramics</li><li>Glass</li></ul><li>Paint and Dyes Producing Industries</li><li>Fuels Producing Industries</li><ul><li>Solid Fuels</li><li>Liquid Fuels</li><li>Gaseous Fuels</li></ul></ol><div><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: center;"><b>Classification of Industrial Chemicals According to Production</b></h3><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There are major two types of chemicals that are manufactured in chemical industries:</div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Heavy Chemicals:</b> Heavy chemicals are manufactured in large quantities. A large plant is employed for the manufacturing of heavy chemicals. Examples of heavy chemicals are sulphuric acid, caustic soda, petroleum products, etc. Capital and operating investment for the plants producing these types of plants are quite high. The purity of heavy chemicals is relatively lower than fine chemicals.</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Fine Chemicals:</b> Fine chemicals are manufactured in small quantities. A small plant is built to produce this type of chemical. Examples of fine chemicals are pharmaceutical products, specialty chemicals such as perfumes, solvents, etc. Capital and operating investment for the plants producing these types of plants are relatively low. The purity of fine chemicals should be very high.</li></ul><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: center;"><b>Classification of Industrial Chemicals According to Composition</b></h3><div style="text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Organic Chemicals:</b> The amount of carbon and hydrogen is higher in these types of chemicals. Majorly, Carbon is the central part of these types of chemicals. For example petrol, kerosene and other petroleum products, benzene, phenols, etc. Petroleum refining and petrochemical industries produce these types of chemicals.</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Inorganic Chemicals:</b> These types of chemicals are generally acid or base of salts of inorganic compounds. Acid such as sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, etc. A base (Alkalies) such as caustic soda, soda ash, potassium hydroxide, etc. And salts such as magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, etc. Fertilizers such as urea, superphosphate, etc. are also counted as inorganic chemicals.</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Polymers:</b> Polymers are macromolecules produced by combining thousands of small size molecules, also called monomers. Example of polymers is polythene, polypropylene, polystyrene, nylon 6, etc.</li></ul><div><br /></div></div><h3 style="text-align: center;"><b>Conclusion</b></h3><div><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In this post, we covered various classifications of chemicals and discussed various important industries. This post is an introductory post for all the process technology subjects and further, I will add manufacturing processes of chemicals listed above with important points.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-82107573048306573452021-03-27T01:38:00.017-07:002023-04-19T23:23:36.747-07:00Chemical Reactors - Reaction Engineering - Chemo Concept<p style="text-align: justify;">A chemical reactor is the heart of chemical industries. Designing and performance evaluation of chemical reactors are the main aims for chemical engineers. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAZdvLENXZjkElDc70HfTRRIzY_yagnQGWYCKUEk7RoO_COafOCX8uCD2lYMYu8j8Gx1DkWiY_OB-vm7sSwye1VMZ6KtYMZjUFtnWaHQ0nU8AHIzFiztJP_H-Mr4YL0Nxg8kkoDLNB7zdd/s1280/Chemical+Reactors.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Chemical Reactors - Reaction Engineering" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAZdvLENXZjkElDc70HfTRRIzY_yagnQGWYCKUEk7RoO_COafOCX8uCD2lYMYu8j8Gx1DkWiY_OB-vm7sSwye1VMZ6KtYMZjUFtnWaHQ0nU8AHIzFiztJP_H-Mr4YL0Nxg8kkoDLNB7zdd/s16000/Chemical+Reactors.png" title="Chemical Reactors - Reaction Engineering" /></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;">Knowledge of chemical reactors makes chemical engineers stand apart from other engineering streams. Knowing about chemical reactors is essential for chemical engineers. So, I decided to write a full post about <b>Chemical Reactors.</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>In this post, we will learn</div><ul><li><a href="#main1">What is a chemical reactor</a></li><li><a href="#main2">Types of chemical reactors</a></li><ul><li><a href="#sub1">Batch Reactor</a></li><li><a href="#sub2">Semi Batch Reactor</a></li><li><a href="#sub3">Continuous Reactor</a></li><ul><li><a href="#minor1">Plug Flow Reactor</a></li><li><a href="#minor2">Mixed Flow Reactor</a></li><li><a href="#minor3">Recycle Reactor</a></li><li><a href="#minor4">Packed Bed Reactor</a></li><li><a href="#minor5">Fluidized Bed Reactor</a></li><li><a href="#minor6">Trickle Bed Reactor</a></li></ul></ul></ul><div><br /></div>
<h2 id="main1" style="text-align: center;"><b>What is a chemical reactor?</b></h2><div style="text-align: justify;">A chemical reactor is a piece of equipment in which a chemical reaction takes place and converts low-value raw materials to high-value products. Chemical reactors are designed according to the rate of reaction which is being carried out in the reactor. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFALw-HH9mSz1C_FoWnOTdzMAs1k9a7XPTnJVHDuecQvS6h2z6YtvAYYSJh6eFeCAr0S_fVsFbpVtQHcoq7NhPTjkckn_T__nir94OSCkxx2uvOwF7qgqp-D76Qgy3FRGQ-86RMKGYOjSb/s847/Chemical+Reactor.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Chemical Reactors" border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="847" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFALw-HH9mSz1C_FoWnOTdzMAs1k9a7XPTnJVHDuecQvS6h2z6YtvAYYSJh6eFeCAr0S_fVsFbpVtQHcoq7NhPTjkckn_T__nir94OSCkxx2uvOwF7qgqp-D76Qgy3FRGQ-86RMKGYOjSb/s16000/Chemical+Reactor.jpg" title="Chemical Reactors" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In sort, chemical reactors are vessels that are used to carry out chemical reactions. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">For different types of reactions, the rate of reaction is different. So for different types of reactions, different types of reactors are used. It is the chemical engineer's duty to design the best performing and most economical reactor for particular reaction and process conditions. </div><div><br /></div><div>Parameters that affect the design and performance of the chemical reactors are </div><ul><li>Rate of reaction</li><li>Volume of reactor</li><li>The concentration of Reactants and Products</li><li>The residence time of the reactor</li><li>Heat of reaction</li><li>Operating conditions such as pressure, temperature, etc. </li></ul><div><br /></div><h2 id="main2" style="text-align: center;">Types of Chemical Reactors</h2><div>There are three categories in which reactors are classified</div><ol><li>Batch Reactors</li><li>Semi Batch Reactors</li><li>Continuous Reactors</li></ol><h3 id="sub1" style="text-align: center;"><b>Batch Reactor</b></h3><div style="text-align: justify;">A batch reactor is one of the simplest chemical reactors. A batch reactor is just a vessel with an agitator fitted at the top. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJKwc6treZntMT_Beg1FK2hS_bJZeMqcck3hBdAWmeAGodZeUPpl-ypcomOLfoK56wc4CeHLPr6UYt7bjhcdI2llA3QcDeqEse38S8rJe-sOz2OlSqf-qfNA_gma8cH7LxwhN5BTK4pFr6/s1024/Batch+Reactor.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Batch Reactor Image" border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="810" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJKwc6treZntMT_Beg1FK2hS_bJZeMqcck3hBdAWmeAGodZeUPpl-ypcomOLfoK56wc4CeHLPr6UYt7bjhcdI2llA3QcDeqEse38S8rJe-sOz2OlSqf-qfNA_gma8cH7LxwhN5BTK4pFr6/s16000/Batch+Reactor.png" title="Batch Reactor Image" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">First of all, Raw materials are charged in a batch reactor. After charging complete raw material, all inlet valves are closed. a chemical reaction takes place inside the reactor. All molecules spend the same amount of time inside the reactor. The agitator continuously rotates inside the reactor and mixes the mixture. Mixing increases the contact of molecules which increases reaction. After sufficient time is provided for reaction, outlet valves are opened to take out products from the reactor. Sometimes cooling or heating jacket is provided for exothermic or endothermic reactions.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><b><span data-markholder="true"></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Batch reactors are expensive to operate and also expensive. Also, product quality is variable due to its unsteady behavior. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A batch reactor is also called an <b>unsteady state reactor</b> because the concentration of mixture changes continuously with time in the reactor. </div><div><br /></div><p style="text-align: center;"><b>Applications of Batch Reactor</b></p><div style="text-align: justify;">Batch reactors are often used in small-scale processing such as in laboratories to carry out some chemical and biochemical reactions. Also, Batch reactors are widely used in pharmaceutical industries and wastewater treatment plants. </div><div><br /></div><h3 id="sub2" style="text-align: center;"><b>Semi Batch Reactor</b></h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Semi batch reactors are a special type of batch reactor in which one reactor is charged at the beginning of the reactor. Then other reactant flows continuously to the reactor. Semi batch reactor is in between batch and continuous reactor, It consists of combined characteristics of both reactor types. </div><div><br /></div><h3 id="sub3" style="text-align: center;"><b>Continuous Reactors</b></h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Continuous reactors are vessels or tubes in which reactants flows continuously, spend some time in the reactor, required conversion takes place in the reactor. All molecules may or may not be spent the same amount of time in the reactor. </div><div><br /></div><div>According to the flow pattern of reactants in chemical reactors, Reactors are classified as </div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Plug flow reactor (PFR)</li><li>Mixed flow reactor (MFR)</li><li>Recycle reactor</li><li>Packed bed reactor</li><li>Fluidized bed reactor</li><li>Trickle bed reactor</li></ol><h4 id="minor1" style="text-align: center;"><b>Plug Flow Reactor (Tubular Reactor)</b></h4><div style="text-align: justify;">Plug flow reactor consists of tubes in which reactants flow. At one end of the tube, reactants enter. Flows through tubes and spends some time and reaction takes place. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC1PqANZ_JsmwJ_WUtNEbDdV-7FlGDXry-r3ZqUJwWkDal620tbJmf0obtfWHb40yUkkHVbg7XAXdwFJeRNxm-ibf4QxghrXNd_jPp6mvZ2ooA4RzKXI8eM50W-rylk37zR7KY83ncROLh/s1280/Plug+Flow+Reactor.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Plug Flow Reactor" border="0" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC1PqANZ_JsmwJ_WUtNEbDdV-7FlGDXry-r3ZqUJwWkDal620tbJmf0obtfWHb40yUkkHVbg7XAXdwFJeRNxm-ibf4QxghrXNd_jPp6mvZ2ooA4RzKXI8eM50W-rylk37zR7KY83ncROLh/s16000/Plug+Flow+Reactor.png" title="Plug Flow Reactor" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In an ideal plug flow reactor, No axial mixing takes place. Reactants pass as disks passing through the reactor. Reactants react with molecules with the same disk. Reactant's' concentration changes with the length of the plug flow reactor. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The plug flow reactor is the most efficient reactor for reactions with positive order. Because Concentration drops gradually throughout the reactor. </div><div><br /></div><h4 id="minor2" style="text-align: center;"><b>Mixed Flow Reactor (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor)</b></h4><div style="text-align: justify;">A mixed flow reactor (MFR) is also called a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A continuous stirred tank reactor has the same construction as a batch reactor. It consists of a tank with an agitator. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKY4_AiC1IiTZYdfN60PMjTA9OaatX_Zq9mRvXDNWmrfniGYx1vd1qCFhL4yFYkGc_2pcuNLBx8TFMFtS1-FIqVS1n36Qo5qFuwQFVtyO3Q3A0SkqKrSq8uufNctbvPswKmNPFnq8sUHdg/s1025/Continuous+Stirred+Tank+Reactor.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor" border="0" data-original-height="1025" data-original-width="871" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKY4_AiC1IiTZYdfN60PMjTA9OaatX_Zq9mRvXDNWmrfniGYx1vd1qCFhL4yFYkGc_2pcuNLBx8TFMFtS1-FIqVS1n36Qo5qFuwQFVtyO3Q3A0SkqKrSq8uufNctbvPswKmNPFnq8sUHdg/s16000/Continuous+Stirred+Tank+Reactor.png" title="Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In MFR (CSTR), the Reactant enters the reactor continuously. Reactant falls on a pool of reaction mixture and continuously product stream comes out. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The ideal mixed flow reactor works as a steady-state reactor. For higher reaction completion, CSTRs are used in series. Different molecules spent different times in the reactor. So some molecules may leave the reactor as comes in and some molecules kept inside reaction mixtures. </div><div><br /></div><h4 id="minor3" style="text-align: center;"><b>Recycle Reactor</b></h4><div><b><span data-markholder="true"></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Recycle reactor is a special type of plug flow reactor with recycle stream added at the outlet. In recycle reactor, reactants enter and get mixed with recycle stream coming in. This mixed stream enters the plug flow reactor. As reaction mixture comes out from the outlet of plug flow reactor. From the outlet of the reactor, the stream is taken out and sent back to the inlet as a reactant.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Recycling the reactor helps in converting more molecules but also reduces the rate of reaction because reactants get diluted as outlet stream add-in. Especially for autocatalytic reactions, Recycle reactor is the best because in the autocatalytic reaction product of the reaction act as an autocatalytic reaction. </div><div><br /></div><h4 id="minor4" style="text-align: center;"><b>Packed Bed Reactor</b></h4><div><b><span data-markholder="true"></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A packed bed reactor is a tubular reactor that contains catalyst particles on which both gas and liquid reactants come into contact and a reaction takes place. The packed bed is consists of a bed of catalysts that provide a contact area for liquid and gas reactants and also increase the rate of reaction.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Packed bed reactors are commonly used for the catalytic gas-liquid reaction. Different types of packings are used based on cost and efficiency.</div><div><br /></div><h4 id="minor5" style="text-align: center;"><b>Fluidized Bed Reactor</b></h4><div><b><span data-markholder="true"></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A fluidized bed reactor is consists of a bed of powder of moderately light particles. These particles are catalysts. In a fluidized bed, gas velocities are so high so that the bed of powder can be lifted. A lifted bed provides a higher surface area for reaction. Generally, a Fluidised bed reactor is used only for gas-phase reactants. Gas reactants come into contact with each other and catalyst in the reactor. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisi5mA56vILuOrXvram0n3h6k56r5IcEW7wozVAJVQHGaKzcg_01TdOtlB27u1HAiMBZV2_HW8TqUFfRtEjPwD_-N_ubfoZAFIAU0MrUSWJjxYS_ME9eNaa_UCrC-mlzRhgcC58nGCkLJM/s1099/Fluidized+Bed+Reactor.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Fluidized Bed Reactor" border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1099" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisi5mA56vILuOrXvram0n3h6k56r5IcEW7wozVAJVQHGaKzcg_01TdOtlB27u1HAiMBZV2_HW8TqUFfRtEjPwD_-N_ubfoZAFIAU0MrUSWJjxYS_ME9eNaa_UCrC-mlzRhgcC58nGCkLJM/s16000/Fluidized+Bed+Reactor.png" title="Fluidized Bed Reactor" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A fluidized bed reactor is best for gas-gas contact catalytic reactions. For example, Catalytic cracking is carried out in petroleum refining in a fluid catalytic cracker which is the fluidized reactor. </div><div><br /></div><h4 id="minor6" style="text-align: center;"><b>Trickle Bed reactor</b></h4><div><b><span data-markholder="true"></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A trickle bed reactor is a special type of packed bed reactor. A trickle bed reactor is different from a packed bed reactor because the flow of liquid is not continuous but trickling. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieqc2IejaKF-2276bYkD0R0mY8QAajnaaftt1Aqacj6ILDJvAtbaggAxS59j7O3n70NUJNg5IdY_ge7Y6B1hJ2yS1vFtwEklvEb20vOYliu1_zqZGpOt0Pt0yOlW7DjHOmhsZEEoXdXXSa/s2000/Trickle+Bed+Reactor.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Trickle Bed Reactor" border="0" data-original-height="2000" data-original-width="1100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieqc2IejaKF-2276bYkD0R0mY8QAajnaaftt1Aqacj6ILDJvAtbaggAxS59j7O3n70NUJNg5IdY_ge7Y6B1hJ2yS1vFtwEklvEb20vOYliu1_zqZGpOt0Pt0yOlW7DjHOmhsZEEoXdXXSa/s16000/Trickle+Bed+Reactor.png" title="Trickle Bed Reactor" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Trickle bed reactor consists of beds of catalysts from where gas and liquid come into contact. The reaction takes place on the surface of the catalysts and leaves the bed. </div>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-61529812813887397292021-03-22T07:04:00.006-07:002023-04-19T23:23:48.160-07:00Atmospheric, Absolute and Gauge Pressure - Fluid Mechanics - Chemo ConceptThe three major quantities that are monitored in a chemical processing plant are<ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Flow</li><li>Pressure</li><li>Temperature</li></ol>These quantities represent the current condition of the plant and measuring and controlling them are the main objective of production engineers.<br /><br />Now, From that three quantities, pressure is one of the most important parameters for chemical processing plants. Especially, Plants processing liquid or gaseous materials contains many pressure sensors and gauges.<br /><br />So learning about pressure becomes essential for chemical engineering.<div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZkTvXsDlzLr90wezCpXufCpSSfo8P5CpUc_TAhW7_oRvHg0Gn-Bmqo-qcJaClwo-QCoVFetQM5SkwsLs0081OylD0rziHZ1jXm9W4MLYhFFZfG4oRzETZS7Rk25ile9omtizQCWTiK8mS/s1280/Atmospheric%252C+Absolute+and+Gauge+Pressures+-+Pressure+Measurement.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Atmospheric, Absolute and Gauge Pressures - Pressure Measurement" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZkTvXsDlzLr90wezCpXufCpSSfo8P5CpUc_TAhW7_oRvHg0Gn-Bmqo-qcJaClwo-QCoVFetQM5SkwsLs0081OylD0rziHZ1jXm9W4MLYhFFZfG4oRzETZS7Rk25ile9omtizQCWTiK8mS/s16000/Atmospheric%252C+Absolute+and+Gauge+Pressures+-+Pressure+Measurement.png" title="Atmospheric, Absolute and Gauge Pressures - Pressure Measurement" /></a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: center;">What is Atmospheric, Absolute, and Gauge Pressure</h2><div>Generally, Pressure is represented in three major forms, these<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Atmospheric Pressure</li><li>Absolute Pressure</li><li>Gauge Pressure</li></ul></div><div><br /></div><div>So in this article, I am explaining what this term means and the relation between them. So read till the end, if you want to understand it properly.</div><div><br /><h3 style="text-align: center;">Atmospheric Pressure</h3>As we dive deep into the water, the Water above us exerts a force on us. This is called hydrostatic pressure which is developed by the liquid above you. The same thing applies to the atmosphere, Atmosphere is consists of gases that apply pressure on us. This pressure is atmospheric pressure. <br /><br />So in short, Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on our system. For example, consider yourself as a system. The atmosphere around you exerts some pressure on you. <br /><br />Atmospheric pressure can be measured by an instrument called a barometer. <br /><br />Atmospheric pressure is taken 1 atm (atmosphere) at sea level. And as the height changes with sea level, atmospheric pressure also changes.<br /><br />But for most chemical engineering calculations, 1 atm is taken as atmospheric pressure to avoid finding its value every time. <br /><br />The basic conversion from atm to SI unit of pressure which is Pascal and other quantities is represented below. <br /><br /><i>1 atm = 1.01325 bar = 101325 Pa = 760 mm of HG = 14.7 psi = 101.325 KPa</i><br /><br />So from the relation above, you can easily convert pressure represented in terms of atm to any other unit.</div><div><br /><h3 style="text-align: center;">Gauge Pressure</h3>Pressure gauges are often used for pressure measurements and If we see working of these gauges. Pressure gauges compare the pressure inside the system with the atmosphere.<br /><br />So pressure gauge gives us a relative reading of the pressure with atmospheric pressure. This pressure which is measured by the pressure gauge is called Gauge Pressure. <br /><br />Keep in mind that this pressure value is not the actual value of pressure that the system has, But it is showing you how up or down your pressure is with respect to atmospheric pressure.<br /><br />Gauge pressure can be positive or negative. Positive pressure represents a system that has a higher pressure than that of its atmosphere. Negative pressure means the system has a lower pressure than its atmosphere so it represents a vacuum.</div><div><br /><h3 style="text-align: center;">Absolute Pressure</h3><div style="text-align: left;">Absolute pressure is the real value of the pressure that the system has. Absolute pressure can not be measured directly with any pressure gauge. So, it is obtained by adding or subtracting the gauge pressure value from the atmospheric pressure value.</div><br />Absolute pressure is always positive or zero. It can not be negative. In space above the earth's atmosphere, there is zero absolute pressure which is also called a complete vacuum. <br /><br />On earth, It is difficult to create a complete vacuum. So, often absolute pressure is positive in value. <br /><br />Generally, Absolute pressure is used in the calculations.</div><div><br /><h3 style="text-align: center;">Relation Between Atmospheric, Absolute, and Gauge Pressure</h3><div style="text-align: left;">There are two simple equations that relate all these three quantities together and make it easy to convert any of them into another.</div><br />These two equations are<br /><h4 style="text-align: center;">For Positive Gauge Pressure</h4><blockquote style="text-align: center;">Absolute pressure = Atmospheric Pressure + Gauge Pressure</blockquote><br />As gauge pressure is greater than zero which represents in reality pressure of the system is higher than atmospheric pressure. And gauge pressure represents the relative value of pressure. Absolute pressure can be calculated by adding both gauge and atmospheric pressure.<br /></div><div><h4 style="text-align: center;">For Negative Gauge Pressure</h4><blockquote style="text-align: center;">Absolute Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure - Gauge Pressure</blockquote></div><div>As gauge pressure is less than zero which represents in reality pressure of the system is lower than atmospheric pressure. And gauge pressure represents the relative value of pressure. Absolute pressure can be calculated by subtracting gauge pressure from atmospheric pressure. <br /><br />From the graphic below, You can understand the relation of these quantities.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivGquuo0P0uwbuO4p14ve-ReXZvao7kMurArsuP15_IIEvxynOPMZjKZtNfaRN9n40g5-OKT5wBKBpKESllSxVFpLBXd5rbNUwuR0z7ND56x8_a7TPSCfUOxx5WZNp95ytyUZP6nfScbUZ/s1280/Relation+Between+Atmospheric%252C+Absolute%252C+and+Gauge+Pressure.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Relation Between Atmospheric, Absolute, and Gauge Pressure" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivGquuo0P0uwbuO4p14ve-ReXZvao7kMurArsuP15_IIEvxynOPMZjKZtNfaRN9n40g5-OKT5wBKBpKESllSxVFpLBXd5rbNUwuR0z7ND56x8_a7TPSCfUOxx5WZNp95ytyUZP6nfScbUZ/s16000/Relation+Between+Atmospheric%252C+Absolute%252C+and+Gauge+Pressure.JPG" title="Relation Between Atmospheric, Absolute, and Gauge Pressure" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><h3 style="text-align: center;">Conclusion</h3>Finally, Let's conclude this article by summarizing it.<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the system.</li><li>Gauge Pressure is pressure represented in the pressure gauge and gives relative value.</li><li>Absolute pressure is actual pressure exerting inside the system. Can not be directly measured but can be calculated. <br /></li></ul></div></div></div></div>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-90657550029324356012021-01-29T05:37:00.008-08:002023-04-19T23:24:07.136-07:00Thermal Conversion Processes - Part 5 - Petroleum Refining Article Series - Chemo Concept<p>So welcome to part 5 of the petroleum refining article series by chemo concept. In this part, I have covered thermal conversion processes. These processes are the first ad the oldest conversion processes mostly replaced by other energy-efficient processes such as catalytic conversion processes. But learning these methods is important because in some refineries these processes are still carried out.</p><p>Conversion properties are very important processes in petroleum refining. These processes are carried out to produce <b><i>light valuable products from heavy bottom products such as Vacuum residue.</i></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl2PiQhMv1gFrhOMfpYXGndIq703FGU5t_Ji-NYNnNuynJbdx2sM_Y4nmqkiJCa0dT_i8DtLlbjncgAx2EaYdcl-84uQlhD3kR6b7lipdDXEvbwiE9HB7vGRLg4ml5Xp91-8pfv70jHt4q/s1280/thermal+conversion+processes.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl2PiQhMv1gFrhOMfpYXGndIq703FGU5t_Ji-NYNnNuynJbdx2sM_Y4nmqkiJCa0dT_i8DtLlbjncgAx2EaYdcl-84uQlhD3kR6b7lipdDXEvbwiE9HB7vGRLg4ml5Xp91-8pfv70jHt4q/w640-h360/thermal+conversion+processes.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;">What are Thermal Conversion Processes?</h2><p><b>Thermal conversion processes</b> involve the cracking of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons in <b>severe conditions (high temperatures).</b> These higher molecular weight hydrocarbons are from the bottoms of distillation units, especially from vacuum distillation units.</p><p>Cracking means these long-chain molecules of hydrocarbon are broken down into smaller size molecules. And thermal cracking is done by <b><i>The main goal of these processes is to produce valuable light components from heavy residues.</i></b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Mechanism of Thermal Conversion Processes</h3><p>Thermal conversion processes are based on <b>a free radical mechanism.</b> Free radicals are molecules containing carbon with one unpaired electron. And due to this unpaired electron, these free radicals are <b><i>highly reactive.</i></b></p><p>So thermal conversion (cracking) processes take place in two steps:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Initiation:</b> In these steps due to high temperatures heavy residues get split into two parts (mostly uneven) and a free radical is formed.</li><li><b>Final Conversion:</b> A pie bond is formed between two nearby carbon atoms having free radicals and an unsaturated compound is formed.</li></ul><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Types of Thermal Conversion Processes</h3><p>There are major two types of thermal conversion (cracking) processes:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Visbreaking:</b> Visbreaking is a <b>mild thermal conversion (cracking) process</b> that takes place at relatively low temperatures. The main goal of visbreaking is to <b><i>reduce the viscosity of heavy bottoms to increase their flowing ability.</i></b> There are major two types of visbreaking processes categorized based on types of equipment used for the operation: <b>Coil visbreaking and Soaker visbreaking.</b></li><li><b>Coking:</b> Coking is a <b>severe thermal conversion (cracking) process</b> that takes place at relatively high temperatures. The main goal of coking is <b><i>not only to produce light components but also produce petroleum coke</i></b> which can be utilized in other industries such as in blast furnace in iron production. There are major three types of visbreaking processes categorized based on the process taking place: <b>Delayed, Fluid, and Flexi Coking.</b></li></ul><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Products of Thermal Conversion Processes</h3><p>The main products of thermal conversion processes are streams of <b>light hydrocarbons mostly consist of olefins and aromatic content.</b> Before blending these components to other components hydrogenation is carried out to saturate these hydrocarbons. (Saturation means the removal of pie bonds from hydrocarbons like alkenes and alkynes which are olefins and unsaturated cyclic content which are aromatics to saturated components also called alkanes).</p>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-91758449783927181362021-01-28T02:49:00.013-08:002023-04-19T23:24:29.028-07:00Centrifugal Pump - Fluid Mechanics - Chemo ConceptThe most basic equipment a chemical engineer must know is a <b>Centrifugal Pump.</b> There are plenty of centrifugal pumps you will find in chemical and related industries. So being a chemical engineer it is required to know the centrifugal pump very well. <br /><br />Learning about centrifugal pumps will not only <b><i>help in your interview but you will also greatly benefit in your professional life if you want to work in the chemical industry. </i></b><br /><br />So to make you aware of the most important concepts related to centrifugal pumps, I have written this complete guide of centrifugal pumps. <div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKlSny9tYQ6660zZxePgrttnFeY5hkC9g4j8eUyvR9xJXG31GmruC2NyIO1NY6xN7dDl7JWO_hdOW7ncU33PPzpFQ1SEOiOVyC6IGm5dxIQ1aTHztQQc1MMDOPw1nXShOp2huXw-7l6-h/s1280/Centrifugal+Pump+-+Fluid+Mechanics.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Centrifugal Pump - Fluid Mechanics" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKlSny9tYQ6660zZxePgrttnFeY5hkC9g4j8eUyvR9xJXG31GmruC2NyIO1NY6xN7dDl7JWO_hdOW7ncU33PPzpFQ1SEOiOVyC6IGm5dxIQ1aTHztQQc1MMDOPw1nXShOp2huXw-7l6-h/s16000/Centrifugal+Pump+-+Fluid+Mechanics.png" title="Centrifugal Pump - Fluid Mechanics" /></a></div><div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div>Before getting into centrifugal pumps, First of all, let's start by learning <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/03/pumps.html" target="_blank"><b>what is the pump</b>.</a> </div><div><br /><div><div style="text-align: left;"><h2>What is a pump?</h2><div style="text-align: left;"><b>A pump</b> is a mechanical device that is used to transfer liquid from one place to another place by converting <b><i>mechanical energy to the pressure energy of the liquid.</i></b> A pump is commonly used to transfer <i>liquids(e.g. Water), solutions (e.g. sodium hydroxide aqueous solution), and slurries (e.g. crude oil). </i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><b>There are two major types of pumps <br /></b><ol><li><b>Dynamic Pumps </b></li><li><b>Positive Displacement Pumps</b></li></ol>Positive Displacement Pumps are subclassified into two subcategories: </div><div style="text-align: left;"><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Rotary Pumps</li><ul><li>Gear Pumps</li><li>Lobe Pumps</li><li>Vane Pumps</li><li>Screw Pumps</li><li>Peristaltic Pumps</li></ul><li>Reciprocating Pumps</li><ul><li>Piston Pumps</li><li>Plunger Pumps</li><li>Diaphragm Pumps</li></ul></ol><div><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: left;">Dynamic pumps are sub-classified into other two types of pumps: <br /><ol><li>Centrifugal Pumps </li><li>Axial Pumps</li></ol><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH8grfZVF9ALHAr6MMvQaEtmLLH_cP9AJlKJ7R7E9UEbIMCL67sdhkOncEdq3l8tLjdOBP0tggDUpKnONDD3OgaDGsFAvqnx1trJRKHdkTuOAgjbVSSPJGyysUwrpXHXBiXJHhGXDCNY_u/s2009/chemo+concept+classification+of+pumps.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Classification of Pumps" border="0" data-original-height="1007" data-original-width="2009" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH8grfZVF9ALHAr6MMvQaEtmLLH_cP9AJlKJ7R7E9UEbIMCL67sdhkOncEdq3l8tLjdOBP0tggDUpKnONDD3OgaDGsFAvqnx1trJRKHdkTuOAgjbVSSPJGyysUwrpXHXBiXJHhGXDCNY_u/s16000/chemo+concept+classification+of+pumps.png" title="Classification of Pumps" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><b>Centrifugal pumps</b> are widely used in chemical and other related industries due to their <b>simple design, low maintenance requirement, low cost, and flexible operation.</b> So learning about centrifugal pumps becomes essential for every chemical engineer. Now let's start learning about centrifugal pumps <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h2>What is a centrifugal pump?</h2><b>A Centrifugal pump</b> is a <b><i>mechanical device that pumps liquids by imparting mechanical energy to liquid and increasing its kinetic energy which is further converted into pressure energy to transfer it.</i></b> Centrifugal pumps are used to pump a high amount of liquids to moderately high heads. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCm4OTCsKdnD6Z0ndLBSJUTqlW2iGqb7_yVmBb1nRzEr-iDJM66w0KePPa-YxfI9fNzISBE051kce9M4Hcxfmq1kNKiBWxzOXeXUmFTPZ7JX_wRW1h0ly1ay_N6Q462cJSEs0O609Tpusr/s1280/Centrifugal_Pump-mod.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Centrifugal Pump" border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCm4OTCsKdnD6Z0ndLBSJUTqlW2iGqb7_yVmBb1nRzEr-iDJM66w0KePPa-YxfI9fNzISBE051kce9M4Hcxfmq1kNKiBWxzOXeXUmFTPZ7JX_wRW1h0ly1ay_N6Q462cJSEs0O609Tpusr/s16000/Centrifugal_Pump-mod.jpg" title="Centrifugal Pump" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h3>Principle of Working of a Centrifugal Pump</h3>Pumps works on principles of <b>centrifugal force also called centrifugal action.</b> The rotating impeller imparts energy to the liquid which is used to transfer it. <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h3 style="text-align: left;">Working of a Centrifugal Pump</h3>The working of the centrifugal pump can be understood in several steps. <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>First of liquid is drawn from the sump to the pump through the suction line. The suction line contains a flow regulation valve and also sometimes contains a check valve whenever liquid is drawn from the sump below the level of the pump. This check valve closes down when the pump is stopped which prevents liquid from falling down to the sump from the pump. This removes manual priming. Priming means filling liquid in the pump before starting out. Priming is discussed later in the article. </li><li>Now liquid coming in from the suction line comes in contact with the impeller. The rotating impeller drags the liquid with it and transfers some of its kinetic energy to the liquid. </li><li>Now liquid having high velocity comes in the contact with a casing which due to its gradual cross-sectional area change, converts liquid's kinetic energy into pressure energy. </li><li>Now liquid having high-pressure energy leaves the pump. </li></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;">Parts of a Centrifugal Pump</h3>There are major two parts of a centrifugal pump <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Motor (or Turbine) </li><li>Shaft </li><li>Mechanical Seal (or Stuffing Box) </li><li>Impeller </li><li>Casing </li></ul><br />Other important things not a part of the pump but used with the pump are <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Sump and Suction Pipe with Foot Valve </li><li>Discharge Pipe and Discharge Valve</li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBJTh78fqzDlRW4jgj0UO9KYu1ZK9adIYHnQYfI2YOqeZ8k9lCuhAdewBJJsWVan0LYSKGne2m4VC8uoFqzyWYTqN1UR8_8Ogi4BTCozvfErsRKek083n1y9zPJ9yL2Nd5O3si_dycGP9b/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="759" data-original-width="820" height="1" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBJTh78fqzDlRW4jgj0UO9KYu1ZK9adIYHnQYfI2YOqeZ8k9lCuhAdewBJJsWVan0LYSKGne2m4VC8uoFqzyWYTqN1UR8_8Ogi4BTCozvfErsRKek083n1y9zPJ9yL2Nd5O3si_dycGP9b/" width="1" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT2NCF1EF2Whl3M84NawvJBY6F_fJJ81mHA2GzlGxnNbV8vnGUA_qoCtWeoM9wz1MGKjrUf3JhPsWi8GCfKvhiY8gZcw5uMiI1h3GSEiGu4k7uvGGehynFvOiuN7heGu8n9-8Wr_pqrtNx/s1280/Parts+of+a+centrifugal+pump.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Parts of a centrifugal pump" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT2NCF1EF2Whl3M84NawvJBY6F_fJJ81mHA2GzlGxnNbV8vnGUA_qoCtWeoM9wz1MGKjrUf3JhPsWi8GCfKvhiY8gZcw5uMiI1h3GSEiGu4k7uvGGehynFvOiuN7heGu8n9-8Wr_pqrtNx/s16000/Parts+of+a+centrifugal+pump.JPG" title="Parts of a centrifugal pump" /></a><br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;">Motor (or Turbine)</h4><b>Motors or turbines are common drivers of centrifugal pumps.</b> Motor by using electricity drives the shaft. Turbines are also sometimes used to drive the shaft of the pump. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h4 style="text-align: left;">Shaft and Bearing</h4><b>The shaft connects the pump with the motor.</b> The kinetic energy generated from the electric energy in the motor is transferred to the pump with the shaft. The shaft is supported on bearing on both sides. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;">Mechanical Seals (or Stuffing Box)</h4><b>Mechanical seals and stuffing box is used to prevent leakage from the pump where the shaft enters the pump.</b> The liquid may come out from where the shaft is entering into the pump so the use of mechanical seals or a stuffing box (whenever required) is a must. A stuffing box is commonly used for common liquids. For corrosive or high-pressure liquids mechanical seal is used because it requires low maintenance cost. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;">Impeller</h4>The impeller is <i>one of the most important parts of a centrifugal pump</i> and is often called <b>the heart of a centrifugal pump.</b> The impeller is a rotor containing curved blades also called vanes. The impeller is joined with the shaft which is connected with the motor. Energy is transferred to the impeller by rotation with the help of the shaft. The blades are manufactured as smooth as possible to reduce frictional losses. <br /><br />There are three major types of impellers available for different liquids it is used to handle. <br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Open impeller:</b> Open impeller contains a bunch of blades joined by the central ring. this type of impeller is best suited for slurries containing suspended solids. This type of impeller is the least efficient type of impeller because of poor contact. </li><li><b>Semi-open impeller:</b> Semi-open impeller contains blades joined by the central ring also supported by one disk. The disk is called the base plate because it supports the impeller blades. This type of impeller is best suited for liquids containing a low amount of suspended solids. </li><li><b>Closed impeller:</b> Closed impeller contains blades joined by the central ring and two disks. One blade is called a base blade, another is called the crown blade. This type of impeller should be used for clear liquids having no suspended solids. This type of impeller is the most efficient type of impeller because it provides the best impeller liquid interaction. </li></ol><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcShjbK9gxYmRqO8PuudSefULuseno_PXXB5ag&usqp=CAU" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of Impeller of Centrifugal Pump" border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="290" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcShjbK9gxYmRqO8PuudSefULuseno_PXXB5ag&usqp=CAU" title="Types of Impeller of Centrifugal Pump" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: left;">Casing</h4><b>The outer-most cover of the pump is called its casing. </b>The casing is one of the most visible parts of the pump. Casing not only protects liquid and components of centrifugal pumps from the outside atmosphere but also converts the kinetic energy of liquid to pressure energy. The casing is fabricated in a way that it works as an airtight chamber. <br /><br />Now three different types of casing are commonly used in the pump. <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Volute Type Casing:</b> This type of casing forms a volute shape of increasing cross-sectional area. In this type of casing, Liquid flowing outward from the impeller comes in contact with the casing. Casing having increasing cross-sectional area, Velocity of the liquid decreases and pressure of the liquid increases, As one of the energy decreases, other increases (Bernoulli Theorem). So we can say that volute converts the kinetic energy of liquids to its pressure energy. One of the drawbacks of using this type of volute style design is that due to change in the direction of liquid flow, there are chances of eddy formation. This eddy formation results in considerable energy loss. </li><li><b>Vortex Chamber Type Casing:</b> This type of casing is developed to overcome the energy loss taking place in the volute type of casing. Vortex chamber type casing contains a circular chamber between casing and impeller blades. This extra space provides enough space for directional velocity change which reduces the number of eddies formed. So, due to low amount of eddied formed these design improves the overall energy economy. </li><li><b>Diffuser Type Casing:</b> This type of casing contains guided vanes which are also known as diffusers. These are stator blades (guide vanes) placed at the ring placed after the impeller blades. Liquid passes through the impeller which increases the kinetic energy of liquids. Guided vanes or stator blades help liquid changing the direction of the liquid.</li></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;">Problems Associated with Centrifugal Pump</h3>Because of the wide application of pumps in chemical industries, it is important to learn about some important problems related to centrifugal pumps. There are major two problems related to the centrifugal pump which are commonly encountered in daily operation. <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Cavitation </b></li><li><b>Air binding</b></li></ul><h4 style="text-align: left;">Cavitation in Centrifugal Pump</h4>When the pump is drawing water from the sump which is below the level of the pump, the pump creates a negative pressure at the suction side which draws the liquid to it. If this negative pressure is more than the vapor pressure of the liquid. Liquid starts to boil inside the pump and bubble formation takes place of vapors generated. Now, these bubbles may collapse inside the pump and can cause harm to the impeller and another part of the pump. <br /><br /><i>So here is an image of parts of pumps which is </i><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Rqr3PU93v5NhbX0eC3BVnSSvpN5n4tcfvqPDAVsRppAOAgbB8ICopKczrRz5ocJjCgDoXX33zf14Uu_OJAN9NyErFdllSsg3faNM31Sz0nHRKs3ZJNBideDpMoEIIYcSbWxBoct4UCUb/s640/Usure_par_cavitation_d%2527un_impulseur_de_pompe_centrifuge_01.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Pump damaged due to cavitation" border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Rqr3PU93v5NhbX0eC3BVnSSvpN5n4tcfvqPDAVsRppAOAgbB8ICopKczrRz5ocJjCgDoXX33zf14Uu_OJAN9NyErFdllSsg3faNM31Sz0nHRKs3ZJNBideDpMoEIIYcSbWxBoct4UCUb/s16000/Usure_par_cavitation_d%2527un_impulseur_de_pompe_centrifuge_01.jpg" title="Pump damaged due to cavitation" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"> <br /><br />So here you can see the damage caused by cavitation. Now, You can understand the level of damage cavitation can cause. So, there are many prevention techniques for cavitation. The first and the most important technique is to keeping NPSH(Available) should be higher than NPSH(Required). <br /><br />Now let me explain what is NPSH. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;">Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)</h4>The net positive suction head is a quantity that is calculated to find out if cavitation is going to happen in the pump at a certain arrangement. <b><i>The NPSH plays an important role in the placement of pumps in plants. <br /></i></b><br />There are two types of NPSH to be required to check the condition of cavitation. <br /><ul><li><b>NPSH(Available)</b> - To be calculated on the field condition </li><li><b>NPSH(Required)</b> - To be provided by the pump manufacturer </li></ul><br />The formula of NPSH(Available) is: <br /><br />`NPSH_{Available}` = `{P/(\rhog)}\ -\ h_{fs}\ -\ {P_v/(\rhog)} \pm H`<br /><br />Here, <br /><br />P = Absolute Pressure at Suction Side <br /><br />`h_fs` = Head Loss due to Friction on Suction Side <br /><br />`P_v` = Vapor Pressure of Liquid at Pump's Operating Temperature <br /><br />H = Difference in height of Pump and Liquid Level in Sump <br /><br />`\rho` = Density of Liquid <br /><br />g = Gravitational Acceleration <br /><br />Now, Here value of H depends on the location of the sump. If the sump is located above the pump, The value of H will be positive and If the sump is located below the pump, its value will be negative. The sump above the level of the pump will help liquid flowing to the pump so it is positive. </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />Now, From the above formula, We can calculate NPSH(Available) value for the pump, and NPSH(Required) value should be provided by the pump manufacturer. This NPSH(Required) value is dependent on the type of impeller, speed of rotation, and other parts of the pump. So, as we have both NPSH(Required and NPSH(Available), We can check conditions for cavitation. <br /><br /><b><blockquote>To avoid cavitation in the pump, the value of NPSH(Available) should be higher than the value of NPSH(Required). </blockquote></b><br />Now, From the initial check, we got to know that the value of NPSH(Required) is more than NPSH(Available). There are several things you can do to increase the value of NPSH(Available) or to reduce the value of NPSH(Required). <br /><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Change the location of the pump:</b> By shifting the pump to the location where the difference in height of the pump and sump is not much, We can increase the value of NPSH(Available). </li><li><b>By providing cooling to the suction side</b> to reduce the vapor pressure of the liquid, Which leads to increasing NPSH(Available). </li><li><b>By reducing the operating speed</b> of the pump, which eventually reduces the NPSH(Required). </li></ol></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;">Air Binding</h4>Centrifugal pumps are designed to transfer liquids. But on the startup of the pump, the pump might not have contained liquid and contains air. This air just circulates when the pump starts and doesn't provide enough suction on a suction pipe which can suck liquid to the pump. So, The pump keeps rotating its impeller without really drawing liquid in it. This phenomenon is called air binding. <br /><br />There is a simple solution to prevent air binding - <b>Priming.</b> In priming, We initially add liquid to the pump from a small opening on the pump and fill until pumps get full of liquid. The small vent of the pump casing is opened until the pump is primed and when liquid starts to come out from that vent, Priming can be stopped. Now, if we start the pump, the pump can create enough suction so it can easily draw liquid to it. <br /><br />Another solution is to <b>provide a check (non-return) valve to the suction side.</b> This valve automatically prevents liquid from falling down to the sump from the pump when the pump is stopped which removes the hassle of priming the pump in every startup. Now, Another small pump to draw liquid to the pump at the beginning can also be a choice. <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">Losses in a Centrifugal Pump</h3>There are major three types of losses that can occur in a centrifugal pump. <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Energy Loss:</b> Energy losses that happen in the pump. Such losses are from friction caused by different moving parts of pumps and eddies caused due to the flow of liquid. </li><li><b>Material Loss:</b> Materials losses due to leakages are loss of material caused by the small opening in the pump which is not completely sealed. </li></ul></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h3 style="text-align: left;">Characteristics Curves of The Centrifugal Pump</h3>The characteristics curves of the pump represent different parameters such as flow rate, head developed, the power required, NPSH(Required), and their relations. These curves are most helpful when predicting the performance of the pump at different process conditions. So from that, these curves are also called performance curves. <br /><br />Characteristics curves that are mostly used in the industry contain flow rate on the horizontal axis and other parameters such as head developed, power required, NPSH(Required), and Efficiency on the vertical axis. <br /><br />The image below is a Characteristics curve of a pump: </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtP5UZP_pQ8_gONHNzHpDGAkchxxwwBqG3wKRpTPkXJd0dL3jtb0Inryb75xhIdMslUDlXIX6Te8QhjkkjJG2oL2XjzjpjiF2WmZU4zUL6S2ejUc2O4EER-fs5CGdbWsQ9SkxTFDiZUYRV/s1280/Pump+Performance+Curve.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Characteristics curve of a pump" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtP5UZP_pQ8_gONHNzHpDGAkchxxwwBqG3wKRpTPkXJd0dL3jtb0Inryb75xhIdMslUDlXIX6Te8QhjkkjJG2oL2XjzjpjiF2WmZU4zUL6S2ejUc2O4EER-fs5CGdbWsQ9SkxTFDiZUYRV/s16000/Pump+Performance+Curve.jpg" title="Characteristics curve of a pump" /></a></div><br /><div><br /><br />There are major three curves in the above <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>H vs Q Curve:</b> This curve shows the relation between flow rate and head developed by the pump. The pump starts at a flow rate is equal to zero which means when the delivery valve is completely closed. In this situation, the pump produces maximum head. As the flow rate increases, the head drops. So there is <b><i>the decreasing curve of head and flow rate. </i></b></li><li><b>P vs Q Curve:</b> This curve shows the relation between flow rate and power required by the pump. As the flow rate increases, the power required by the pump also increases because more amount of liquid needs higher power for transferring. So, there is <b><i>the increasing curve of power vs flow rate. </i></b></li><li>`\eta` vs Q Curve: This curve shows the relationship between the efficiency of the pump and the flow rate of the pump. At first, As the flow rate increases, Efficiency also increases. But after a peak, it starts to decline. The point having the highest efficiency is called <b>Maximum Efficiency Point.</b> The pump is <b><i>ideally operated near the maximum efficiency point. </i></b></li><li>Also, some curve contains NPSH(Required) vs flow rate. There is a <b><i>slight increase in NPSH(Required) as the flow rate increases.</i></b></li></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;">Centrifugal Pump Startup Procedure </h3><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Close the valve on the delivery side of the pump </li><li>First of all, prime the pump if the pump requires the priming </li><li>Open the valve on the suction side of the pump </li><li>Start the motor of the pump </li><li>As Pumps starts check the pressure of the delivery side. </li><li>If you see the pressure in the delivery side is enough open the delivery valve slowly. </li><li>If you feel like there is some problem, Just close the recirculation line and close the delivery line. </li><li>Check if the problem continues or is resolved. If the same problem arises in the recirculation, There may be a problem in the pump. If not, there may be a problem with the delivery pipe of the pump. </li><li>If the pump is cavitating, it will cause a strange sound of the collapsing bubbles. So when encountered stop the pump and start with the pump on standby.</li></ol></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h3 style="text-align: left;">Advantages of Centrifugal Pump</h3></div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul><li>The high amount of liquid can be transported to moderately high heads. </li><li>Flexible Operation (Can work on any speed according to motor coupled) </li><li>Lower initial investment and simple design and construction </li><li>A lower amount of maintenance is required </li><li>Can be used for a wide variety of liquids also for liquids carrying suspended solids </li><li>Small size so requires small space for installation </li><li>Doesn't get damaged when the delivery valve is closed for some time as other pumps get. </li><li>By sealing it with the motor, it can also be used as a submersible pump that draws liquid from the tank. </li></ul></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Disadvantages of Centrifugal Pump </h3><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Requires priming on startup </li><li>Can not be used where a high head of liquids are required </li><li>Not very efficient in transferring high viscosity liquids </li><li>Usually operates at lower efficiencies <br /></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-17800184239204943622021-01-11T06:33:00.015-08:002023-04-19T23:24:43.201-07:00Venturimeter - Flow Measurement Device - Chemo Concept<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">In chemical plants, It is desired to measure variables such as flow, temperature, pressure, etc. Measurement of such variables not only helps us to know the current process condition but it helps us to control the process.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRxR2vubeYnGzE7rrVjCV8oDr21_qpxHn3w3NmlWO0Cu6MHhfb9VEJCKIi9SKRybS3F6-890SJ9BejcqRQGKsp7e8Ev-Dq8z9h6RchYlDoTmRTtdN5Gg0UF95WAOBC4y9ODGBRP1YMVC-Z/s1280/venturimeter.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRxR2vubeYnGzE7rrVjCV8oDr21_qpxHn3w3NmlWO0Cu6MHhfb9VEJCKIi9SKRybS3F6-890SJ9BejcqRQGKsp7e8Ev-Dq8z9h6RchYlDoTmRTtdN5Gg0UF95WAOBC4y9ODGBRP1YMVC-Z/s16000/venturimeter.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /> <br /><br />Specifically for measurement of flow, there are many different types of measuring devices available such as venturi meter, orifice meter, rotameter, Coriolis meter, electromagnetic flowmeter, ultrasonic flowmeter, etc. <br /><br />So in today's article, I am going to explain the working of one of the most important flows measuring elements called the Venturi Meter.<br /><span style="text-align: left;">What is a Venturi meter?</span></div><p><b>A venturi meter</b> is a full bore type and variable head type device which is used to measure the flow of fluid by measuring pressure difference. Here, <b>Full bore type</b> means the venturi meter is installed by cutting pipe length equal to the length of the venturi meter and adding this meter in between in the direction of flow. <b>Variable head</b> means in this meter pressure gradually decreases and this decrease in pressure is used to calculate the flow of fluid.</p><p>Venturi meter consists of four-part: </p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Converging Section</li><li>Throat Section</li><li>Diverging Section</li><li>Manometer</li></ol><h3 style="text-align: left;">Principle of venturi meter</h3><p>The principle on venturi meter is based can be stated as <b>"By changing the cross-sectional area of the flow passage, changes in pressure can be created and these pressure drop can be converted into velocity by using Bernoulli's equation."</b></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Working of Venturi Meter</h3><p>As the venturi meter is installed in the direction of flow by cutting pipe and installing it in between, Fluid first of all flows through the converging section. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4v4zqYkogf_WcmH2YJUDjkB8rn7X4XzxVX7O2H2g5LkMcR0NW9IfQ-aqgMo4Raedn0LtKifTvNK6ZOslr1WIckEBT_NKbM6lPOSKVjqPq16vGwY0J9aME6DpwNf8sMfcDQAaKs24sPpKz/s1280/Venturi+Meter+Working+Principle.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Venturi Meter Working Principle" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4v4zqYkogf_WcmH2YJUDjkB8rn7X4XzxVX7O2H2g5LkMcR0NW9IfQ-aqgMo4Raedn0LtKifTvNK6ZOslr1WIckEBT_NKbM6lPOSKVjqPq16vGwY0J9aME6DpwNf8sMfcDQAaKs24sPpKz/s16000/Venturi+Meter+Working+Principle.JPG" title="Venturi Meter Working Principle" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p>In the converging section, the velocity of fluid increases and pressure decreases. Now, fluid reaches the throat part which has the least diameter and it is connected with one wing of the manometer. </p><p>Another wing of the manometer is connected with a pipe before the converging section. Now, the pressure difference between these two points is measured by a manometer. By using Bernoulli's equation this pressure drop is converted into the velocity of the fluid. And then the velocity of the fluid is multiplied with the area of the cross-section which will finally result in the volumetric flow rate. </p><p>Now, as the pressure of the fluid is dropped, the diverging section is attached to recover pressure by minimizing velocity by increasing the area. As the continuity equation tells us as an area of the cross-section increases velocity decreases. So, the diverging section helps in regaining pressure inside the fluid. But due to frictional losses in the meter, the same pressure can not be achieved so there is a small pressure drop in the meter. </p><blockquote>The converging section has an angle of around 15 - 20 degrees and the diverging section has an angle of around 5 - 7 degrees.</blockquote><p>In the diverging section, the angle of the diverging section is lower than in the converging section, This is because if a higher angle used as a converging section there are sudden changes in the velocity which results in some more loss in pressure. So to minimize losses in the diverging section and to regain most of the lost pressure in the converging section, the lower angle is used. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgXKSeaLzIzZevjDnPHPuIlIAYgh35FPVTLK0ts8bu6DanMWHXCyQAv5PLQ5iTm-u94lhgNBDhuFjeV7_LGupcoEooTGOJbW8u3R2Mq-UAKW2n5ff2bST70trYPFFKcKtkyR_PGuTb6pEp/s1600/venturi-meter-holden-worcester-county-ma-5e088d-1600.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Venturi Meter at Holden, Worcester County, MA" border="0" data-original-height="1139" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgXKSeaLzIzZevjDnPHPuIlIAYgh35FPVTLK0ts8bu6DanMWHXCyQAv5PLQ5iTm-u94lhgNBDhuFjeV7_LGupcoEooTGOJbW8u3R2Mq-UAKW2n5ff2bST70trYPFFKcKtkyR_PGuTb6pEp/s16000/venturi-meter-holden-worcester-county-ma-5e088d-1600.jpg" title="Venturi Meter at Holden, Worcester County, MA" /></a></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Applications of the venturi meter</h3><p></p><blockquote>Venturi meters are most commonly used for the flow measurement of liquids such as water and also for some gases. </blockquote><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Equations of Flow Calculation for Venturimeter<br /></h3><p>The basic equation derived by using Bernoulli's equation is: </p><p><br /></p><p>Velocity at the throat can be found out from the equation below</p><p><br /></p><p>`V_{b} = \frac{C_{v}}{\sqrt{1-\beta^{4}}}\sqrt{\frac{2(P_{a}-P_{b})}{\rho}}`</p><p><br /></p><p>From this equation, the volumetric flow rate equation can be found out by multiplying the above equation with a cross-sectional area of the throat:</p><p><br /></p><p>`q = \frac{C_{v}S_{b}}{\sqrt{1-\beta^{4}}}\sqrt{\frac{2(P_{a}-P_{b})}{\rho}}`</p><p><br /></p><p>Now this equation when multiplied with a density of fluid flowing, Mass flow rate can be obtained</p><p>`m = \frac{C_{v}S_{b}}{\sqrt{1-\beta^{4}}}\sqrt{2(P_{a}-P_{b})\rho}`</p><p><br /></p><p>Here, </p><p>`V_{b}` = Average velocity of flowing fluid at the throat</p><p>`C_{v}` = The Venturi Coefficient (Experimental quantity)</p><p>`\beta` = Ratio of the diameter of the throat to the diameter of the pipe</p><p>`P_{b} - P_{a}` = Pressure drop indicated in the manometer</p><p>`\rho` = Density of flowing fluid</p><p>`S_{b}` = Cross-sectional area of the throat</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Advantages of Venturi Meter</h3><p>1. Low overall pressure drop and power loss</p><p>2. High accuracy and high reproducibility</p><p>3. Can be used for both liquids and gases</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Disadvantages of Venturi meter</h3><p>1. Expensive and bulky and requires considerable space</p><p>2. Complex in manufacturing</p><p>3. Not suitable for viscous slurries</p><p>4. Can not be used for temporary installation</p>
<script>mbtTOC();</script>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-70727244053880346812021-01-04T06:05:00.006-08:002023-04-19T23:25:03.736-07:00Types of Operations Carried out in Petroleum Refining- Part 4 - Petroleum Refining Article Series - Chemo Concept<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Welcome to the fourth part of the </span><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/search/label/Petroleum%20Refining" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">petroleum refining article series</a><span style="text-align: left;">. I have covered </span><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/11/crude-oil-desalting.html" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">desalting</a><span style="text-align: left;">, </span><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/11/atmospheric-distillation-unit.html" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">atmospheric distillation unit</a><span style="text-align: left;">, and </span><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/12/vacuum-distillation-unit-petroleum-refining.html" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">vacuum distillation unit</a><span style="text-align: left;"> in these series. And in this article, I have covered the types of operations carried out in petroleum refining. </span></div><p>Crude oil consists of many different types of chemical constituents and separation and conversion of these constituents to usable form require many different types of operations to be carried out on crude oil. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI0-InuOaensP9feyQSDd0bnj742kkiTgCffz_O_94tPYfU2RtUtsNJa-FcIJHif2-XlFuLPufEc5q1Rt64YXVOat8yUKFCkTIxFh7bAoTdJshyphenhypheny1Y8Uz2PXp9FxyIgKVdkDqhW_37k851/s1280/types+of+operation.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI0-InuOaensP9feyQSDd0bnj742kkiTgCffz_O_94tPYfU2RtUtsNJa-FcIJHif2-XlFuLPufEc5q1Rt64YXVOat8yUKFCkTIxFh7bAoTdJshyphenhypheny1Y8Uz2PXp9FxyIgKVdkDqhW_37k851/s16000/types+of+operation.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Types of Operations Carried out in Petroleum Refining</h2><p>All these operations can be classified into four major types of operations: </p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Separation Processes</li><li>Conversion Processes</li><li>Finishing Processes</li><li>Supporting Processes</li></ol><p></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Separation Processes</h3><p>Separation processes are carried out to separate different constituents from crude oil. As we have discussed above crude oil is a mixture of different types of chemical constituents, Many different types of separation processes are carried out to separate these constituents into their usable form. </p><p><br /></p><p><i>Separation Processes involve desalting, atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, deasphalting, dewaxing, light ends separation. </i></p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Desalting</b> is carried out to remove all types of salts and other water-soluble impurities from crude oil. </li><li><b>Atmospheric distillation unit</b> separates crude oil into major different constituents. </li><li><b>Vacuum distillation</b> is carried out for a higher molecular weight product of the atmospheric distillation unit to separate higher boiling point constituents with the use of vacuum. </li><li><b>Deasphalting</b> is carried out to separate bottoms of atmospheric distillation unit and vacuum distillation unit to separate its different parts like aromatic, paraffinic, etc. </li><li><b>Dewaxing</b> is carried out after deasphalting to remove waxy materials from deasphalted oil to use these oil in producing lubricating oil. </li><li><b>Light end separation</b> is carried out to separate refinery top products into different individual gases such as ethane, propane, and butane. </li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Conversion Processes</h3><p>Conversion processes are carried out to convert products of the separation unit into more usable products which are further treated into finishing processes to make it usable. In conversion processes, Chemical constituents are reacted at higher temperatures or with the use of catalysts to convert them into more important constituents. </p><p><br /></p><p><i>Conversion processes involve thermal cracking, visbreaking, coking, catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, reforming, alkylation, polymerization, and isomerization. </i></p><p><br /></p><p>These processes are one of the most important processes in petroleum refining. </p><p><br /></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Cracking</b> is carried out in two ways, Thermally if higher temperatures and catalytically to convert long straight-chain hydrocarbons to shorter chain hydrocarbons. </li><li><b>Visbreaking</b> is carried out on vacuum distillation residue to increase flowability. </li><li><b>Coking</b> is carried out to convert residues to coke which is an important material for industries like metallurgical, chemical, etc. </li><li><b>Hydrocracking</b> is also a cracking which makes use of hydrogen for cracking purpose. </li><li><b>Reforming</b> is the conversion operation of naphtha coming out from the atmospheric distillation unit to high-octane reformate. </li><li><b>Alkylation</b> is carried out to combine light iso-paraffins and convert them to medium size iso-paraffins which are higher in octane number. </li><li><b>Polymerization</b> is its name suggests a combination of different olefins to convert higher molecular weight olefins. </li><li><b>Isomerization</b> is an operation in which isomers are generated from paraffinic constituents. </li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Finishing Processes </h3><p>Finishing processes are final treatments carried out to products of separation and conversion processes to make them finally sellable. </p><p><br /></p><p><i>Finishing Processes include hydrogenation, hydrotreating, and product blending.</i></p><p><br /></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Hydrogenation</b> is carried to convert unsaturated hydrocarbons to saturated hydrocarbon by reacting with it hydrogen. </li><li><b>Hydrotreating</b> is carried out to remove constituents of different heteroatomic compounds and metallic impurities. </li><li><b>Product blending</b> is an operation in which different product streams are added in a tank in calculated amounts to make final products. </li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Supportive Processes</h3><p>Supportive processes play a supportive role in refining which supports other mainstream processes by producing raw materials for them or converting by-products of them into a usable form. </p><p><br /></p><p><i>Supportive processes are acid gas removal, sulfur recovery, hydrogen production, and purification, and wastewater treatment.</i></p><p><br /></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Acid gas removal</b> is an operation in which amines are utilized to separate out acidic gases from gaseous streams like hydrogen sulfide to reduce corrosion possibility in pipelines. </li><li><b>Sulpher recovery</b> is used to recover sulfur from hydrogen sulfide which is the raw material for sulphuric acid. </li><li><b>Hydrogen production and purification</b> produce hydrogen by steam reforming which is utilized in many conversion processes. </li><li>Finally, the <b>wastewater treatment process</b> is used to treat effluent water generated in the refinery. </li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Conclusion</h2><p>All the operations carried out in petroleum refining are classified into three major types. </p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Separation Processes:</b> Desalting, Atmospheric Distillation, Vacuum Distillation, Deasphalting, Dewaxing, and Light Ends Separation.</li><li><b>Conversion Processes:</b> Cracking, Visbreaking, Coking, Hydrocracking, Reforming, Alkylation, Polymerization, and Isomerization. </li><li><b>Finishing Processes:</b> Hydrogenation, Hydrotreating, and Product Blending</li><li><b>Supporting Processes:</b> Acid Gas Removal, Sulfur Recovery, Hydrogen Production, and Purification, and Wastewater Treatment</li></ol><p></p>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-4675972158802671422020-12-04T06:37:00.008-08:002023-04-19T23:30:42.488-07:00Vacuum Distillation Unit - Part 3 - Petroleum Refining Article Series - Chemo Concept<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In the previous article, We talked about the atmospheric distillation unit which separates desalted crude oil into various petroleum fractions. These fractions are further separated into their own separate unit to get pure hydrocarbons or to get hydrocarbon of the specifies range. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg25z_Z0wlKzV0Q-VSQE9LNxYUl8aMHPA_cvoWZ179GDhwmNJGUsteEoZ4lT76BfhqdiMbDbuLmbp_5NmeB2eIFQILr-DnKRBR751_-iMPnPNtCL9II01ZnLIqmI4eMAJoslNc9WA6N9PBQ/s1280/vacuum+destillation+unit.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg25z_Z0wlKzV0Q-VSQE9LNxYUl8aMHPA_cvoWZ179GDhwmNJGUsteEoZ4lT76BfhqdiMbDbuLmbp_5NmeB2eIFQILr-DnKRBR751_-iMPnPNtCL9II01ZnLIqmI4eMAJoslNc9WA6N9PBQ/s16000/vacuum+destillation+unit.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p><br /></p><p>In the atmospheric distillation unit, the Separation of the heavier fraction is not very efficient and economical. To separate heavier fraction into a different fraction we require more energy input. </p><p><br /></p><p>Two major solutions can be used to separate heavier fractions: </p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Increasing temperature</b>: Heavier fraction can be separated by providing extra heat in the furnace which increases the temperature of crude oil and separates heavier fractions. There is one major drawback of this method, By increasing the temperature of crude oil, there are chances of cracking of different fractions. </li><li><b>Decreasing pressure:</b> By reducing the pressure, We can decrease the boiling point of the components. So by reducing the pressure of the system we can separate heavier components into fractions by application of heat without cracking of components. </li></ol><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><blockquote>Suggested Read: <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/02/distillation.html" target="_blank">A Beginner's Guide of Distillation</a></blockquote><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/02/distillation.html" target="_blank"></a><p></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">What is Vacuum Distillation</h2><p><b>Vacuum distillation</b> is a distillation operation carried out in a vacuum (pressure less than atmospheric pressure) for materials that have a high boiling point (very low vapour pressures) or materials that may degrade near to their boiling point. </p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Vacuum Distillation Operation</h2><p><br /></p><p>Distillation is carried out at lower pressures (about 25 to 40 mm of Hg abs). If required pressure can be further decreased by the addition of steam at the furnace inlet and bottom of the distillation unit. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgScrmaDytVnYPDfFxA2Kn6VdpFeHxbS5MaU3U7XHWOHRZRRjPYjARJIMCuk-gvMRYW4lqgGNMHKTzUtf6lVCVljV9MyzIji5k9-lHuqZCUrV1bod71jqTGb0Tudamzq9FaljOXn1vR2uUP/s1820/Vacuum+Distillation+Unit+-+Chemo+Concept.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Vacuum Distillation Unit Operation" border="0" data-original-height="1242" data-original-width="1820" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgScrmaDytVnYPDfFxA2Kn6VdpFeHxbS5MaU3U7XHWOHRZRRjPYjARJIMCuk-gvMRYW4lqgGNMHKTzUtf6lVCVljV9MyzIji5k9-lHuqZCUrV1bod71jqTGb0Tudamzq9FaljOXn1vR2uUP/s16000/Vacuum+Distillation+Unit+-+Chemo+Concept.jpeg" title="Vacuum Distillation Unit Operation" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>The addition of steam is very beneficial because it not only increases the velocity of petroleum fraction in the furnace tube and also minimizes coke formation in the furnace. Also, steam decreases the partial pressure of petroleum fraction which makes the separation more efficient.</p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Factors affect Vacuum Distillation Unit Design and Operation</h3><span></span><p>Three major parameters affect distillation operation</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><b><i>Boiling range of the feed </i></b></li><li><b><i>Pressure inside column</i></b></li><li><b><i>Furnace outlet temperature</i></b></li></ol><p></p><p><br /></p><p><b>Vacuum distillation</b> is generally carried out for atmospheric column bottoms and separated into light gas oil and heavy gas oil. Also, light ends and heavy bottoms are produced in the vacuum distillation unit. </p><p>The furnace outlet temperature would be 380 to 450°C. Depending on the requirement different outlet temperature can be achieved by changing the steam flow rate in the column or furnace. There are three configurations: </p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Dry Operation:</b> In this operation, No steam is added in the inlet of the furnace and at the bottom of the column to get the maximum outlet temperature of petroleum fractions. </li><li><b>Wet operation:</b> In this operation, Steam is added at the inlet of the furnace and at the bottom of the column to get the minimum outlet temperature of petroleum fractions.</li><li><b>Damp Operation: </b>In this operation, Steam is only added to the furnace inlet to get the temperature in between temperature achieved by dry operation and wet operation. </li></ol><p>By lowering the pressure inside a column, Separation can be improved. To lower the pressure inside column equipment such as steam ejector and barometric condenser or vacuum pump and surface condenser is used.</p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Conclusion</h2><div>In this post, we talked about vacuum distillation in petroleum refining. We discussed What is vacuum distillation, vacuum distillation operation and factors affecting the vacuum distillation unit such as the boiling point range of the distillation unit, the outlet temperature of the furnace and operating pressure of the column. </div><div><br /></div><div></div><blockquote><div>Further Also Check Out: (Previous Article on This Series) </div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/11/crude-oil-desalting.html" target="_blank">Crude Oil Desalting</a></li><li><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/11/atmospheric-distillation-unit.html" target="_blank">Atmospheric Distillation Unit </a></li></ul></div></blockquote>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-4305178349123491852020-11-25T09:29:00.007-08:002023-04-19T23:30:28.555-07:00Recommended Books for GATE Preparation: Chemical Engineering | Chemo Concept<p>Today I am going to give you a list of recommended books for your GATE preparation. If you are struggling to find good books to prepare for the GATE examination, This list provides you with an extensive list of textbooks that are recommended by many toppers. </p><div><br /></div><p></p><blockquote>Disclaimer: This articles contains affiliate link that will redirect you to amazon if you want to buy that book. If you buy from link given below, You won't charged more but we get some commission for referral. So if you buy from link given in this article, You are supporting this website and authors. So THANK YOU!</blockquote><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><blockquote><p>Note: All the books that I have recommended in this articles are my personal favorites, I am currently preparing for GATE examination and these books helped in my studies. This list of books is for GATE chemical engineering aspirants. </p></blockquote><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVfMIlmg2STC0Ue0ENA7Q4NX7rS9na1FfkyAurQPBK8NJuj7aPt24UB0oXgw4YM9zeihXpUJD8Swf8-fIT1mr7nfpYYUAkjFobndtF2hDMDGzyWzTDVTxyWWrJo5gten8lp8iAuTXB-uxw/s1280/gate+preparation.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVfMIlmg2STC0Ue0ENA7Q4NX7rS9na1FfkyAurQPBK8NJuj7aPt24UB0oXgw4YM9zeihXpUJD8Swf8-fIT1mr7nfpYYUAkjFobndtF2hDMDGzyWzTDVTxyWWrJo5gten8lp8iAuTXB-uxw/s16000/gate+preparation.png" /></a></div><br />General AptitudeFirst of all, let's list out subjects that are part of the examination.<p></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Engineering Mathematics</li><li>Fluid Mechanics</li><li>Mechanical Operations</li><li>Heat Transfer</li><li>Mass Transfer</li><li>Chemical Reaction Engineering</li><li>Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics</li><li>Process Dynamics and Control</li><li>Process Calculations</li><li>Process Technology</li><li>Plant Design and Economics</li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><p>Now let's discuss preparation strategy for individual subjects</p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">General Aptitude</h2><span><a name='more'></a></span><div>The general aptitude section doesn't require extensive preparation. You can easily score good marks in this section by using common sense in the numerical part and basic English for the verbal part. But there are very few chances you get a question from the practice you have done. So I don't recommend extensive training of aptitude. Because there are other important subjects like Reaction Engineering, Heat Transfer, Mass Transfer, etc, you should focus more. </div><p><br /></p><p>Books Recommended: </p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://amzn.to/2V82Ci9" target="_blank">Bundle of R. S. Agarwal's Aptitude Set</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3nSteAj" target="_blank">Reasoning & Aptitude by Made Easy</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/33dbvvq" target="_blank">Wiley Acing the GATE: Engineering Mathematics and General Aptitude </a></li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Engineering Mathematics</h2><span><!--more--></span><div>Engineering mathematics is also one of the most important parts of the GATE paper. Engineering mathematics has the highest weightage of all other subjects. The questions that are asked in engineering mathematics are normally concept based not a long calculation based so you require a basic understanding of concepts.</div><p><br /></p><p>So if you are just starting your preparation and has enough time to prepare, I recommend you to use books like</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://amzn.to/33hJkeT" target="_blank">Higher Engineering Mathematics by B. S. Grewal</a> - This book is a textbook on mathematics in our university. So I have learned most of the concept from this book. One drawback of this book is that this book contains topics that are not in our syllabus. So you need to be selective on topics to learn if you choose to use this book. </li><li><a href="https://www.amazon.in/Higher-Engineering-Mathematics-Rajnish-Verma/dp/8121938902/ref=sr_1_7?dchild=1&keywords=advanced+engineering+mathematics+by+h.+k.+das&qid=1606322609&sr=8-7" target="_blank">Advanced Engineering Mathematics by H. K. Dass</a> - One very good book of mathematics with theory and examples. I have used this book for some topics. Great for building concept and apply it.</li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><p>If you have basic knowledge of mathematics and just want a brush-up and examples, I recommend you to solve examples from </p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://amzn.to/33gRe86" target="_blank">Made Easy - Engineering Mathematics</a> - Very good book has lots of examples. Unfortunately, there is an edition for Chemical Engineering till now. So I recommend you to use civil engineering's or mechanical engineering's because they are equally good. I personally use this book for my GATE preparation. </li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/33dbvvq" target="_blank">Wiley Acing the GATE: Engineering Mathematics and General Aptitude</a> - Contains both Aptitude and Mathematics part with a decent amount of theories and practice examples. I have used this book to revise some theory portions. </li></ul><p></p><p>Now let's talk about our core subjects: </p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;">Fluid Mechanics</h2><span><!--more--></span><p>In fluid mechanics, For GATE and for University, I have used two books because both have different portions very well explained individually. </p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3l7FKdc" target="_blank">Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering by Warren McCabe, Julian Smith</a> - Best to learn basic concepts of fluid mechanics. This book also contains heat and mass transfer, But personally, I have not gone through that part so I don't recommend that. I have many other options for these subjects which you will find below. </li></ul><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><ul><li>Recommended chapters to study: </li><ul><li>Chapter 1 Definitions and Principles </li><li>Chapter 2 Fluid Statics and Its Applications</li><li>Chapter 3 Fluid Flow Phenomena</li><li>Chapter 4 Basic Equations of Flow</li><li>Chapter 5 Flow of Incompressible Fluids</li><li>Chapter 7 Flow Past Immersed Bodies </li><li>Chapter 8 Transportation and Metering of Fluids </li><li>Chapter 9 Agitation and Mixing of Liquids</li></ul></ul><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3nXgGYg" target="_blank">Fluid Mechanics - Fundamentals and Applications</a>: I have used this book to learn a specific portion: Properties of Fluid (Chapter 2). Also, some readers have recommended this book to learn Fluid Kinematics and Equations of Fluid Flow. </li><li>Unit Operations Part 1 by K. A. Gavhane: One of the most recommended books with clear and concise theory. Covers both Mechanical Operations and Fluid Mechanics Part in Part 1. </li></ul><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Heat Transfer</h2><span><!--more--></span><div>In heat transfer, For GATE and For University, I have used only one book. </div><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3nZldcC" target="_blank">Heat and Mass Transfer - Fundamentals and Applications by Yunus A. Cengel</a>: This book is one the well explained books, I have ever read. Clear explanation of topics and have complete theory and problems that are required for GATE. This book contains the mass transfer part but I haven't gone through it. There are many great books that I have listed below that I have used. </li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3q3DlUA" target="_blank">Unit Operations Part 2 by K. A. Gavhane</a>: This book also contains both heat and Mass Transfer. This book is recommended for beginners to grasp some basic concept of heat and mass transfer. Even if you are a diploma, This book is recommended. </li></ul><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;">Mass Transfer</h2><span><!--more--></span><p>Mass Transfer is three of the most important part of chemical engineering and I am going to recommend one of the classic books on Mass Transfer. </p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3q0WKph" target="_blank">Mass Transfer Operations by Robert Traybal</a>: This book is one of the oldest books for Mass Transfer and One of the best for GATE preparation. This books many concepts which are not in the syllabus so you need to be selected sometimes.</li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3636qYk" target="_blank">Principles of Mass Transfer and Separation Processes by Binay K. Dutta</a>: This book is very great for GATE preparation. I have used this book to refresh some of my concepts of mass transfer. </li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/377hmng">Mass Transfer: Theory and Practice by Anantharaman</a>: I have used to learn some concepts which are not in the book I have recommended before. </li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Chemical Reaction Engineering</h2><span><!--more--></span><div>For Chemical Reaction, Personally, I have used one book</div><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://amzn.to/2HE8VHm" target="_blank">Chemical Reaction Engineering by Octave Levenspiel</a>: This book is the best and contains almost all the concept in the syllabus. Theory and Examples are decent. </li></ul><p></p><p>Some of my colleagues have recommended Scott Fogler's Book for Reaction engineering but I have not gone through it also so I dont recommend that book. Also that books contain some advanced topics that are not in the syllabus. </p><p>Also, books by<a href="https://amzn.to/3pYpHlL" target="_blank"> K. A. Gavhane is very good and contains solutions to problems given in Levenspiel. </a></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics</h2><span><!--more--></span><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>For Chemical Engineering thermodynamics, I have gone through "<a href="https://amzn.to/3nU3ROu" target="_blank">Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics by K. V. Narayana</a>". But for more clarity, Some of my colleagues have suggested "<a href="https://amzn.to/33ki3sm" target="_blank">Introduction To Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics by J. M. Smith, H. C. Van Ness</a>"</li></ul></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;">Process Dynamics and Control</h2><span><!--more--></span><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>For Process Dynamics and Control, I have used "<a href="https://amzn.to/2V0WRmr" target="_blank">Process Systems Analysis and Control by LeBlanc Coughanowr</a>" for preparation. </li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Process Calculations</h2><span><!--more--></span><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>For Process Calculations: I am using "<a href="https://amzn.to/3mcjfpa" target="_blank">Process Calculations by K. V. Narayana</a>" and "<a href="https://amzn.to/2V0mEvh">Process Calculations by K. A. Gavhane</a>". Also for our university, I have used "<a href="https://amzn.to/3nWYXAa" target="_blank">Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering by David M. Himmelblau and James B. Riggs</a>". </li></ul></div><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Process Technology</h2><span><!--more--></span><p></p>For Process Technology: I am using NPTEL Notes of Given courses: <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://nptel.ac.in/courses/103/106/103106109/" target="_blank">Chemical process industries by Dr Nirmal K. Patel - IIT Madras</a></li><li><a href="https://nptel.ac.in/courses/103/105/103105110/" target="_blank">Fuel and Combustion Technology<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>by Prof. Sonali Sengupta and Prof. Jayanta Kumar Basu IIT Kharagpur</a></li><li><a href="https://nptel.ac.in/courses/103/107/103107082/" target="_blank">Chemical Technology - I by Dr I.D.Mall IIT Roorkee</a></li><li><a href="https://nptel.ac.in/courses/103/102/103102022/" target="_blank">Petroleum Refinery Engineering by Dr K.K. Pant and Prof. Deepak Kunzru IIT Delhi</a></li><li><a href="https://nptel.ac.in/courses/103/107/103107086/" target="_blank">Fertilizer Engineering by Dr Amit Dhiman IIT Roorkee</a></li><li><a href="https://nptel.ac.in/courses/103/103/103103029/" target="_blank">Chemical Technology - II by Dr U. Ramagopal IIT Guwahati</a><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></li></ul><div><br /></div><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Mechanical Operations</h2><span><!--more--></span><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>For Mechanical Operation there are three books that I have used are "<a href="https://amzn.to/2JbNiPp" target="_blank">Mechanical Operations by G. K. Roy</a>", "<a href="https://amzn.to/3l7FKdc" target="_blank">Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering by Warren McCabe, Julian Smith</a>" and "<a href="https://www.amazon.in/Unit-Operation-1-K-Gavhane/dp/8196396112/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&keywords=Unit+Operations+Part+1+by+K.+A.+Gavhane&qid=1606323048&sr=8-2" target="_blank">Unit Operations 1 by K. A. Gavhane</a>". </li></ul></div><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Plant Design and Economics</h2><span><!--more--></span><p>For Plant Design and Economics, I am using "<a href="https://amzn.to/2J7HG8M" target="_blank">Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers by Max Peters, Klaus Timmerhaus</a>" for economics and part and for the design part you can use "<a href="https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S08/is.2825.1969.pdf" target="_blank">IS 2825 (1969): Code for unfired pressure vessels</a>" or "<a href="https://amzn.to/3m7vZNJ" target="_blank">Introduction to Chemical Equipment Design: Mechanical Aspects by B.C. Bhattacharya</a>". </p><p><br /></p><p>Also, I have taken GATEFLIX video courses for the preparation part of these books. </p><p><br /></p><p>Also, I recommend "<a href="https://amzn.to/3la6ytm" target="_blank">An Insight in Chemical Engineering by M. Subbu</a>" for quick revision of all subjects. Also, you can refer to "<a href="https://amzn.to/3fyYUYy" target="_blank">GATE Chemical Engineering by Ram Prasad</a>". </p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Conclusion</h2><span><!--more--></span><div>Here is the final list of books recommended for a quick look. </div><p><br />
</p><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Subject</th>
<th>Books</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>General Aptitude</td>
<td><ul><li><a href=" https://amzn.to/2V82Ci9." target="_blank">R. S. Agarwal's Aptitude Set</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3nSteAj" target="_blank">Reasoning & Aptitude by Made Easy</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/33dbvvq" target="_blank">Wiley Acing the GATE: Engineering Mathematics and General Aptitude</a></li></ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Engineering Mathematics</td>
<td><ul><li><a href="https://amzn.to/33hJkeT" target="_blank">Higher Engineering Mathematics by B. S. Grewal</a></li><li><a href="https://www.amazon.in/Higher-Engineering-Mathematics-Rajnish-Verma/dp/8121938902/ref=sr_1_7?dchild=1&keywords=advanced+engineering+mathematics+by+h.+k.+das&qid=1606322609&sr=8-7" target="_blank">Advanced Engineering Mathematics by H. K. Dass</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/33gRe86" target="_blank">Made Easy - Engineering Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/33dbvvq">Wiley Acing the GATE: Engineering Mathematics and General Aptitude</a></li></ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fluid Mechanics</td>
<td><ul><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3l7FKdc" target="_blank">Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering by Warren McCabe, Julian Smith</a></li><li><a href="https://www.amazon.in/Unit-Operation-1-K-Gavhane/dp/8196396112/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&keywords=Unit+Operations+Part+1+by+K.+A.+Gavhane&qid=1606323048&sr=8-2">Unit Operations Part 1 by K. A. Gavhane</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3nXgGYg" target="_blank">Fluid Mechanics - Fundamentals and Applications by Yunus Cengel</a></li></ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mechanical Operations</td>
<td><ul><li><a href="https://amzn.to/2JbNiPp" target="_blank">Mechanical Operations by G. K. Roy</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3l7FKdc">Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering by Warren McCabe, Julian Smith</a></li><li><a href="https://www.amazon.in/Unit-Operation-1-K-Gavhane/dp/8196396112/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&keywords=Unit+Operations+Part+1+by+K.+A.+Gavhane&qid=1606323048&sr=8-2" target="_blank">Unit Operations 1 by K. A. Gavhane</a></li></ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heat Transfer</td>
<td><ul><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3nZldcC" target="_blank">Heat and Mass Transfer - Fundamentals and Applications by Yunus A. Cengel</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3q3DlUA" target="_blank">Unit Operations Part 2 by K. A. Gavhane</a></li></ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mass Transfer</td>
<td><ul><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3q0WKph" target="_blank">Mass Transfer Operations by Robert Traybal</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3636qYk" target="_blank">Principles of Mass Transfer and Separation Processes by Binay K. Dutta</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/377hmng" target="_blank">Mass Transfer: Theory and Practice by Anantharaman</a></li></ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chemical Reaction Engineering</td>
<td><ul><li><a href="https://amzn.to/2HE8VHm" target="_blank">Chemical Reaction Engineering by Octave Levenspiel</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3pYpHlL" target="_blank">Chemical Reaction Engineering 1 and 2 by K. A. Gavhane</a></li></ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics</td>
<td><ul><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3nU3ROu" target="_blank">Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics by K. V. Narayana</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/33ki3sm" target="_blank">Introduction To Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics by J. M. Smith, H. C. Van Ness</a></li></ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Process Dynamics and Control</td>
<td><ul><li><a href="https://amzn.to/2V0WRmr" target="_blank">Process Systems Analysis and Control by LeBlanc Coughanowr</a></li></ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Process Calculations</td>
<td><ul><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3mcjfpa" target="_blank">Process Calculations by K. V. Narayana</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/2V0mEvh" target="_blank">Process Calculations by K. A. Gavhane</a> </li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3nWYXAa" target="_blank">Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering by Himmelblau</a></li></ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Process Technology</td>
<td><ul><li>NPTEL Courses I Recommended Above</li></ul></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Plant Design and Economics</td>
<td><ul><li><a href="https://amzn.to/2J7HG8M" target="_blank">Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers by Max Peters, Klaus Timmerhaus</a></li><li><a href="https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S08/is.2825.1969.pdf" target="_blank">IS 2825 (1969): Code for unfired pressure vessels</a></li><li><a href="https://amzn.to/3m7vZNJ">Introduction to Chemical Equipment Design: Mechanical Aspects by B.C. Bhattacharya</a></li></ul></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<p></p><p>These are my recommendations, I am eagerly waiting to know your feedback and also give your recommendation in a comment below. Your comments will help other peoples in their preparation. </p><br />Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-56363731028161019072020-11-22T04:43:00.010-08:002023-04-19T23:29:54.928-07:00Fluid - Fluid Mechanics - Chemo Concept<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In process industries, we majorly encounter three phases of materials. </div><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Solids</li><li>Liquids</li><li>Gases</li></ol><p></p><p>So process engineers need to learn about behaviors of different phases in different conditions. </p><p>Solids have their defined shape and size. Liquids on the other side don't have any shape will take shape of the container we fill it in but have a definite volume. Gases don't have any shape or volume. Gases take the volume of the container we fill it in. Also, the behavior of that two phases is different on different pressure and temperature conditions.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzv89ze0i-irn7HnQE2LjiTnOZTx4bDHLsApdXvDPpjGXDhKbG9gMzkCMr3OHtk0Jva8sgij3_cU8CshX-IIQrYZiwXBs30H7x8O7NUPdboItDrcwN66p6CNnreSmyVpMJuAXDJkQ2M_Rb/s1280/Fluid+-+Fluid+Mechanics.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Fluid - Fluid Mechanics" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzv89ze0i-irn7HnQE2LjiTnOZTx4bDHLsApdXvDPpjGXDhKbG9gMzkCMr3OHtk0Jva8sgij3_cU8CshX-IIQrYZiwXBs30H7x8O7NUPdboItDrcwN66p6CNnreSmyVpMJuAXDJkQ2M_Rb/s16000/Fluid+-+Fluid+Mechanics.png" title="Fluid - Fluid Mechanics" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p></p><p>As Gibbs Phase Rule Says, Any matter can be in any one, two, or all three phases simultaneously according to pressure and temperature conditions.</p><p>Solids are divided into two sub-categories</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Rigid Body - Rigid bodies don't deform on the application of force. </li><li>Deformable Body - Deformable bodies deform on the application of force. </li></ol><p></p><p>Another important phase is fluid which contains both liquid and gas. </p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">What is Fluid</span></h2><p>Let's define a fluid by formal definition: Fluid is a substance that doesn't resist distortion. This statement means when we apply force on a block of fluid. Fluid will start to distort (Shape Change).</p><p>Fluid will get divided into layers that slide on one another. Until force is applied, Layers keep sliding infinitely. As force is removed, Layers will stop and will not come to their original shape. So fluid will get permanent distortion on the application of force no matter how negligible force's magnitude is. </p><p>Liquids and Gases are included in fluid. </p><p><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Types of Fluid</span></h3><p>Different types of fluids behave differently in different conditions. Density and Viscosity are two important property which helps us distinguish between different types of fluid. </p><p>According to density, Fluids can be divided into two types: </p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Incompressible Fluids: Incompressible fluids are fluids which density changes negligibly on the application of moderate temperature and pressure changes. Liquids come under these categories. Examples are Water, Milk, Acetone, Ethanol, etc. </li><li>Compressible Fluids: Compressible fluids are fluids which density changes appreciably on the application of moderate temperature and pressure changes. Gases have come under this category. Examples are Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Helium gases, etc. </li></ol><p></p><p><br /></p><p>According to viscosity, Fluids can be divided into two main categories</p><p>1. Newtonian Fluids: Newtonian fluids are fluids of which follow newton's law of viscosity. Newton's law of viscosity states that the rate of shear in a fluid is directly proportional to shear stress. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZLv_qjHqovo3w5AbvwAqmGMDlCaBB8gT8ihwWnmiFjLJ8G86ktTLDZZqSY3HG7ODkY0qlOfUwioIm4lYI2Gh_F7aCXoG2XRsSW1YjWqbbxXKtqXYo7QpwPkuAoNjw9XbXiJSWYpQnQDhu/s1280/Newtons+Law+of+Viscosity+-+Newtonian+Fluid.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Newtons Law of Viscosity - Newtonian Fluid" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZLv_qjHqovo3w5AbvwAqmGMDlCaBB8gT8ihwWnmiFjLJ8G86ktTLDZZqSY3HG7ODkY0qlOfUwioIm4lYI2Gh_F7aCXoG2XRsSW1YjWqbbxXKtqXYo7QpwPkuAoNjw9XbXiJSWYpQnQDhu/w640-h360/Newtons+Law+of+Viscosity+-+Newtonian+Fluid.png" title="Newtons Law of Viscosity - Newtonian Fluid" width="640" /></a></div><p>Here the proportionality constant is dynamic viscosity. </p><p>2. Non-Newtonian Fluids: Non-Newtonian fluids are fluids that don't follow Newton's law of viscosity. In Non-Newtonian fluids, There are two subcategories: </p><p>a. Bingham Plastic: Bingham plastic is a special type of fluid that follows newton's law of viscosity when shear stress is applied is greater than minimum shear stress. The formula for Bingham plastic is </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJvTfA_RuxNoawPqCpBvUflxriMhin5qJ-ao51w_zVZgZNWWqpyV6rP2VEMJxJoIvD7ig1WCxnQNONZCM-GQghOEpx-ZHv_fEc9M_PY_rThnUFoSWjmVNW_oApgOocWIpf3_QKNIystkcC/s1280/Bingham+Plastic+Viscosity+Relation.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bingham Plastic Viscosity Relation" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJvTfA_RuxNoawPqCpBvUflxriMhin5qJ-ao51w_zVZgZNWWqpyV6rP2VEMJxJoIvD7ig1WCxnQNONZCM-GQghOEpx-ZHv_fEc9M_PY_rThnUFoSWjmVNW_oApgOocWIpf3_QKNIystkcC/w640-h362/Bingham+Plastic+Viscosity+Relation.png" title="Bingham Plastic Viscosity Relation" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p>b. Psuedoplastic Fluids: Psuedoplastic is a special type of fluid that follows given relation</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE3pI2F9QtpTKvLHHSyMg0PpkkL6HKcghwXu2tfRKk5-mNPbv25lCxMnVPt8dYmIl_SWY9FAeiZTTWaLIu0yPJst6suWY2XUREm5RkmK8D2U3kGzzbya3KN910G0AFETOQApYcKBQK6nJi/s1280/Pseudoplastic+Fluids+-+Viscosity.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Pseudoplastic Fluids - Viscosity" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE3pI2F9QtpTKvLHHSyMg0PpkkL6HKcghwXu2tfRKk5-mNPbv25lCxMnVPt8dYmIl_SWY9FAeiZTTWaLIu0yPJst6suWY2XUREm5RkmK8D2U3kGzzbya3KN910G0AFETOQApYcKBQK6nJi/w640-h360/Pseudoplastic+Fluids+-+Viscosity.png" title="Pseudoplastic Fluids - Viscosity" width="640" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p>In pseudoplastic as stress increases, Viscosity will decrease. An example of pseudoplastic is blood. </p><p>c. Dilatant Fluids: Dilatant is a special type of fluid that follows given relation</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfIK5ZrvESAaxJkn61kMlpescLVme-bEJmn1PO1jLfblnx5zLR4sqC3meTwdGnc3rJ6Sm42HSYXUsox0K3aYqipOfwHhDMF8c_OCXqXG86oJjYNvKWHoaml5gLf5V9qb1rDOEKuH5nPxRm/s1280/Dilatant+Fluids+-+Viscosity.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dilatant Fluids - Viscosity" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfIK5ZrvESAaxJkn61kMlpescLVme-bEJmn1PO1jLfblnx5zLR4sqC3meTwdGnc3rJ6Sm42HSYXUsox0K3aYqipOfwHhDMF8c_OCXqXG86oJjYNvKWHoaml5gLf5V9qb1rDOEKuH5nPxRm/w640-h360/Dilatant+Fluids+-+Viscosity.png" title="Dilatant Fluids - Viscosity" width="640" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p>In dilatant fluids as stress increases, Viscosity will increase. An example of dilatant fluid is Sand in water. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfOZZjWwq9IZIw2nW6LLFddrGjWULxekG71OiDgrbKMaI83pS8nJ-sfDAPRmSfL2S-Uis3Y-qs6s63w6Yie6maJJiBvt3OVeZI94jurUEFhzKnd5TkFLSt6H28CsVPPuGAKbQ6QIpX5-Z1/s1153/Newtonian+and+Non-Newtonian+Fluids.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids" border="0" data-original-height="828" data-original-width="1153" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfOZZjWwq9IZIw2nW6LLFddrGjWULxekG71OiDgrbKMaI83pS8nJ-sfDAPRmSfL2S-Uis3Y-qs6s63w6Yie6maJJiBvt3OVeZI94jurUEFhzKnd5TkFLSt6H28CsVPPuGAKbQ6QIpX5-Z1/w640-h460/Newtonian+and+Non-Newtonian+Fluids.png" title="Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids" width="640" /></a></div><p>Other special types of fluids of which viscosity depends on time also are:</p><p>1. Rheopectic Fluids: When shear stress of constant intensity is applied on fluid, Its viscosity increases with time. An example of rheopectic fluid is lubricants. </p><p>2. Thixotropic Fluids: When shear stress of constant intensity is applied on fluid, Its viscosity decrease with time. An example of thixotropic fluid is ketchup.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBGC53ZsW6S6oGgio_7GkBr3LYLN2KIB9PgLzwnquKOiQ1MKaqHwpYZmgtFOdOc5zLh_vMrozCKQ_pbZQyxMiVkDwL5bh_q75sTp8-PKzHhCfjDRBh_ANY9hyphenhyphenx2wSWDLGhRH3XY46AlQf9/s844/Rheopectic+Fluid+and+Thixotropic+Fluid.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids" border="0" data-original-height="844" data-original-width="844" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBGC53ZsW6S6oGgio_7GkBr3LYLN2KIB9PgLzwnquKOiQ1MKaqHwpYZmgtFOdOc5zLh_vMrozCKQ_pbZQyxMiVkDwL5bh_q75sTp8-PKzHhCfjDRBh_ANY9hyphenhyphenx2wSWDLGhRH3XY46AlQf9/w640-h640/Rheopectic+Fluid+and+Thixotropic+Fluid.png" title="Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-74783918790129115092020-11-20T05:56:00.007-08:002023-04-19T23:29:35.740-07:00Atmospheric Distillation Unit - Part 2 - Petroleum Refining Series - Chemo Concept<p>The atmospheric Distillation Unit is one of the most important operations in petroleum refining. The atmospheric distillation unit provides raw materials for other operations which further improve the quality of petroleum products. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29c5Zy3Vq2DH8KbclHY1ti7IFgy8rHr0r0QPgTjgWmYAaJh0juxFafJEqjwwgKvaJe3SjubYPDcBY2ftpWvcatzU_seix5_u1iv5VxPBjQamHTAOgMOAlpKR8xeWHh-a3wDy01g1tHEyf/s1280/atmospheric+distillation+unit.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29c5Zy3Vq2DH8KbclHY1ti7IFgy8rHr0r0QPgTjgWmYAaJh0juxFafJEqjwwgKvaJe3SjubYPDcBY2ftpWvcatzU_seix5_u1iv5VxPBjQamHTAOgMOAlpKR8xeWHh-a3wDy01g1tHEyf/s16000/atmospheric+distillation+unit.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">Working of Atmospheric Distillation Unit</h2><p>After the desalting unit, Desalted crude is stored in storage. From storage, Crude oil is pumped to the atmospheric distillation unit.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ZNrqUwX3jAhZ4AmY4NGJQKkl8duHTfhG7eIgSwAXPAr4JycPnAS1Vms2pg90DY_uE2aI-ilc0xtmn1WK6q-tG614GyYjow7DoLKXx4eGT9gTghsP1gM0Wf3ZrJe7Wf5nLWpikpEZIBP4/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="Atmospheric Distillation Unit" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ZNrqUwX3jAhZ4AmY4NGJQKkl8duHTfhG7eIgSwAXPAr4JycPnAS1Vms2pg90DY_uE2aI-ilc0xtmn1WK6q-tG614GyYjow7DoLKXx4eGT9gTghsP1gM0Wf3ZrJe7Wf5nLWpikpEZIBP4/s16000/image.png" title="Atmospheric Distillation Unit" /></span></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p>First of all crude oil is heated to convert low volatile products to the vapour phase. This operation is done in two stages:</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Heating by reflux of distillation unit</li><li>Heating in a furnace</li></ol><p></p><p>In heating by reflux of distillation unit, Heat is recovered from reflux streams of the atmospheric distillation unit. This operation helps in improving the overall economy of this operation. this operation heats crude oil to temperature to 300 °C.</p><p>After that, Crude oil is heated to 385 °C temperature with the help of pipe still heaters. This operation vaporizes most part of the crude oil stream.</p><p>The partially vaporized crude oil stream is then flashed into the distillation column. This flash zone is in between the enriching section and the stripping section. The vaporized part of crude oil is passed through the upper part of the distillation unit. Vapour-liquid equilibrium gets established at different trays. The column height is generally 50 m and contains about 30-50 valve trays.</p><p>Steam injected from the bottom of the distillation column. Steam provides heating liquid coming down the column and also it strips out a light component from crude oil. As stripping takes place in the lower part of the distillation column, This part is also called the stripping section.</p><p>There is no reboiler attached with crude distillation unit as attached with normal distillation carried out in other industries. Steam is injected as an alternative to reboiler. This steam does work of reboiler.</p><p>Now vapours generated establishes equilibrium with liquid coming down the column. The hot vapours from the flash zone is in contacts with liquid coming down. This liquid comes from the reflux stream. This reflux stream is pump around the reflux stream which is withdrawn from several trays and cooled by a feed crude oil stream. </p><p>Vapours reaching the top is condensed in a condenser. Cooling water is used to condense vapours coming to the top. A condensed stream contains lights that end with condensed light naphtha.</p><p>Also, Some part of the condensed stream is added back to the column as external reflux.</p><p>Different component stream is taken out from column and stripped out with the help of steam in the stripper. Different components come out from different tray draw according to their temperature on the tray.</p><p>Products that come out from the atmospheric distillation unit are petroleum gases, light and heavy naphtha, kerosene, light and heavy gas oil and atmospheric residue from the bottom of the column.</p>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-57038640242762588292020-11-04T08:10:00.006-08:002023-04-19T23:29:25.838-07:00Crude Oil Desalting - Part 1 - Petroleum Refining Article Series - Chemo Concept<p>Crude oil taken out from the earth's crust consists of many different types of impurities. These impurities can be in very different compositions.</p><p>Impurities removal is one of the key steps before further refining. If these impurities are present in crude oil, they may cause a problem in crude distillation.</p><p>So removal of these impurities became crucial for economical refining operation.</p><p>The crude oil consists of impurities such as</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Water</li><li>Dissolved salts</li><li>Heavy metals</li><li>Dissolved gases</li></ol><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnUPRYJC4zSMaTWqThnUNLzOhhIYLT8OtwxnOMwAFGUBEOZ2-eJLlUYQnm3lU-qen1LnBo_eWjTO1vbU4M8JDWr3-RCkkyOy9CHM1C-2-qwFWZ1tN6gioawpPk_P6azCGB-mLUlzsLKrqO/s1280/crude+oil+desalting.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnUPRYJC4zSMaTWqThnUNLzOhhIYLT8OtwxnOMwAFGUBEOZ2-eJLlUYQnm3lU-qen1LnBo_eWjTO1vbU4M8JDWr3-RCkkyOy9CHM1C-2-qwFWZ1tN6gioawpPk_P6azCGB-mLUlzsLKrqO/s16000/crude+oil+desalting.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">What is the desalting operation?</span></h2><p>Desalting operation is removal method carried out to remove dissolved salts from raw crude oil. Desalting primarily removes salts by dissolving them into the water and also removes suspended particles from raw crude oil.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;">Why Desalting is Required?</h3><p>Dissolved salts cause great destruction. These dissolved salts cause fouling and corrosion in storage tanks where crude oil is stored and pipelines which transfer this crude oil. These salts get deposited on the furnace tubes. This furnace heats the crude oil before sending it to the atmospheric distillation unit. So salt deposits on its surface decrease the overall heat transfer coefficient and form acid while dissociating and forms an acid that causes corrosion to furnace tubes. Also, these salts cause the deactivation of catalysts in refined product conversion operations.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;">Desalting Operation Process</h3><p>The first stage consists of three parts.</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Contact of water with crude oil</li><li>Mixing of water and oil, Dissolving of salts to the water (Water wetting of suspended solids)</li><li>Separation of water and oil</li></ol><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSJmPkqvUc4HzZqLK29WQCevhNwCkkg8jkw1XXlQBIvtG-I1q13ADRrkI_F7cvXyrv3rnP8HUeeDHTKu0Kf2g3q5uil0_P-6YGsPn8iMRtBLPiCAGgO-QdLBI_EKz63z9qP4P_FVfbIZmW/s1515/Crude+Oil+Desalting.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Crude Oil Desalting Operation" border="0" data-original-height="691" data-original-width="1515" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSJmPkqvUc4HzZqLK29WQCevhNwCkkg8jkw1XXlQBIvtG-I1q13ADRrkI_F7cvXyrv3rnP8HUeeDHTKu0Kf2g3q5uil0_P-6YGsPn8iMRtBLPiCAGgO-QdLBI_EKz63z9qP4P_FVfbIZmW/s16000/Crude+Oil+Desalting.jpg" title="Crude Oil Desalting Operation" /></a></div><p><br /></p><p>In the first stage of desalting operation, The crude oil is washed with water. Amount of water used for washing is dependent on the density of crude oil. Also, Crude oil is heated mildly. Heating increases the solubility of salts in water so the efficiency of operation increases.</p><p>Different quantities such as pH, gravity and viscosity of crude oil affect the efficiency of operation.</p><p>Crude oil desalting also removes very fine sand particles, clay and soil particles. Other contaminants such as iron oxide and iron sulphide are also removed.</p><p>With the help of high voltage AC or DC fields, Separation is carried out and then dewatering operation is carried out. This method is very efficient and gives nearly 90-95% removal.</p><p>Oil and water being immiscible, Simple gravity decantation can separate the emulsified mixture. In the separation tank, Crude oil is taken out from the upper part of separation and water from the bottom part of the separator.</p><p>Sometimes, the Separation of crude oil and washing water becomes difficult due to emulsion formed by water with oil. Breaking emulsion or providing high potential electric field helps in separation.</p><p>Desalting operation is often carried out in multiple stages. One stage of desalting is not enough to completely remove dissolved salts. So this operation is carried out in two or three stages.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><br /></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;">Conclusion</h3><p>Crude oil consists of different type of dissolved salts that are needed to be removed. Crude oil desalting operation is used to remove these dissolved salts by washing crude oil with water and separating this water after salts get dissolved in it. Special techniques such as separation based on the high potential electric field are also utilized to increase the efficiency of separation.</p>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-7243183727481541372020-07-29T09:48:00.014-07:002023-04-19T23:29:11.729-07:00Heat Transfer - Chemo Concept<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Heat is a common term we encounter in our daily life. Heat is a type of energy like kinetic energy, potential energy, chemical energy, etc. Heat energy can be easily felt and also can be easily measured by a quantity called temperature.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyCWUDktxnUx-_dJvbG6H0LV98Kxn4qdLEjyQpZ8aX0oVFWuHB9PDTAthlcWdsNAHMggFvIOAqJ1AW5PQGW1qTV9rYoS6nHa7q27CFPb8NQh8IU89LB_J08Lpxxut1shcKmgC1aPg2QWmy/s1280/heat+transfer.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyCWUDktxnUx-_dJvbG6H0LV98Kxn4qdLEjyQpZ8aX0oVFWuHB9PDTAthlcWdsNAHMggFvIOAqJ1AW5PQGW1qTV9rYoS6nHa7q27CFPb8NQh8IU89LB_J08Lpxxut1shcKmgC1aPg2QWmy/s16000/heat+transfer.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">There is everywhere heat is used like cooking of food on gas- cylinder, in the oven, in the heater, iron for clothes, also in the industry for the reactor, drying, in the concentrator, for various reactions, heat exchangers, furnaces, condenser, refrigeration, sterilizing, for preheating heat is required.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: #fcff01; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #fcff01; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">What is Heat Transfer?</span></span></h1><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Heat transfer is called "Heat transfer". Heat transfer takes place because of the temperature difference between the two systems. Mostly related to thermodynamic concepts of heat generation, the conversation one to another form, and exchange with cold to hot or vice versa.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #fcff01; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Types (Modes) of Heat Transfer</span></span></h2><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Heat is transferred in three different modes:</span></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Conduction</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Convection</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Radiation </span></li></ol></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9xrWKwAKA8YdViKmyyZv_Q_4rqGXFD-XFOxOpVAoSijYc-TF-dQNBuxexJwEc_F5-18gMtAooYgZUGNT727CRYXOos0fV3QylhzyKBdzHnSiOw1Xsz3uozKvzNhWcM_-OOkFVVG9D7rqt/s550/Modes+of+Heat+Transfer+-+Types+of+Heat+Transfer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Modes of Heat Transfer - Types of Heat Transfer" border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="550" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9xrWKwAKA8YdViKmyyZv_Q_4rqGXFD-XFOxOpVAoSijYc-TF-dQNBuxexJwEc_F5-18gMtAooYgZUGNT727CRYXOos0fV3QylhzyKBdzHnSiOw1Xsz3uozKvzNhWcM_-OOkFVVG9D7rqt/s16000/Modes+of+Heat+Transfer+-+Types+of+Heat+Transfer.jpg" title="Modes of Heat Transfer - Types of Heat Transfer" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let's take a look one by one.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="background-color: #fcff01;">(1) Conduction</b>: It is the transfer of energy or heat from high to lower energy systems. Conduction takes place because of molecular collision and can occur in solid, liquid, and gases. In solids, conduction is because of the vibration of molecules and the free energy of electrons. In liquid and gases, conduction takes place in molecular diffusion and collision of molecules during random motion.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The rate of heat conduction is directly proportional to temperature difference, area of conduction, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the conducting layer. This statement is called " Fourier's law of heat conduction".</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div><blockquote><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q = -K*A ∆T/∆x </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Where </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">K= Proportionality constant called thermal conductivity of the material. Which is measured of ability to conduct the heat of material</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">A= Heat transfer area</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">∆T/∆x = Is called Temperature gradient, Negative sign shows temperature gradient decreases with the thickness of the heat transfer layer.</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: #fcff01; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Examples:</b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hot tea makes the cup itself hot.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ice cubes melt if we put them into our palm where heat transfer takes place from hand to ice.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Heat transfer from burner to the pan.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ironing clothes.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Indirect heat exchanger where heat transfer takes place between hot and cold fluid without touching each other.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="background-color: #fcff01;">(2) Convection</b>: In this mode heat transfer takes place between the solid surface and moving fluid. If the fluid motion is higher than greater the convection rate.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Convection is further classified into two types based on how fluid motion over a solid surface is given.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Forced convection</i>: In this fluid motion over the solid surface for convection is given by external forces like a fan, pump, blower, etc.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Natural or free convection</i>: In this fluid motion is caused by buoyancy force which is due to density difference because of the variable temperature in fluid. Here no external forces are given that's why it's called natural convection.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Rate of heat transfer is directly proportional to temperature difference and area of heat transfer" this statement is called Newton's law of cooling.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div><blockquote><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q = hA(Ts - To) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Where,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">h = Convection heat transfer coefficient, Proportionality constant</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">A= Heat transfer area</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ts = Surface temperature solid</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">To = surrounding temperature (fluid temperature)</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: #fcff01; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Examples:</b></span></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Air conditioning.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Boiling of water where heat transfer takes place from pan to water.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Melting of ice in the surrounding.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">From chimney hot air went bottom to top.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Car radiator using fluid.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Convection oven.</span></li></ul></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="background-color: #fcff01;">(3) Radiation</b>: It is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves. Radiation can occur without a medium, for example, solar energy can come to the earth without a medium. Radiation is generally taken as a surface phenomenon.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div><blockquote><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maximum radiation emitted by the surface is given by "Stefan Boltzmann law".</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Q = σAT⁴</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Where,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">σ = Stefan Boltzmann constant</span></div></blockquote><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Important terms used in radiation</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Blackbody</i>: The idealized surface which emits the maximum rate called "Blackbody".</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Emissivity</i>: It's a measure of how close the real surface is to the Blackbody.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Absorptivity</i>: It's a fraction of how much radiation incident and how the surface has absorbed the radiation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: #fcff01; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><i>Examples:</i></b></span></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ultraviolet light from the sun.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The heat from a lightbulb.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The heat from a fire.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">X-rays</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Microwave from the microwave oven.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Electromagnetic radiation from mobile.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Radio-waves.</span></li></ul></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: #fcff01; font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Applications of Heat Transfer</span></h2><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are various applications of heat transfer :</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">In air conditioning systems</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Temperature measurement devices like thermometers</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">In power plant for electricity generation</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">As refrigeration systems in food industries</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Circuit boards in devices like computers, T.V, VCR, etc.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Radiator in the vehicle</span></li></ul></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div><br /></div>Niravhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09965786801967943527noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-91251063851804572292020-07-28T23:08:00.026-07:002023-04-19T23:29:01.683-07:00Unit Operation - General Chemical Engineering - Chemo Concept<div style="text-align: justify;">Chemical processes are the heart of any chemical industry. Studying these chemical processes as a whole is not an easy task. So for simplicity, these chemical processes are devided further to simple operations and processes. This simplification not only helps chemical engineers to study and design each piece of equipment for the process but also helps in the rectification of problems.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsZDaIWdY1jctDluUVe8_UwaDcSY-shqiTusUyKZ0sD_rzEr06o093G13ghZ42ejio3z5UARMj-3VgO-xkgs-SUUGfQ_p5oVuBPdL0PmbSWDaGFUGlx5CC_vRWBskZjq-w3efXigQVKwTK/s1280/unit+operation.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsZDaIWdY1jctDluUVe8_UwaDcSY-shqiTusUyKZ0sD_rzEr06o093G13ghZ42ejio3z5UARMj-3VgO-xkgs-SUUGfQ_p5oVuBPdL0PmbSWDaGFUGlx5CC_vRWBskZjq-w3efXigQVKwTK/s16000/unit+operation.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The importance of unit operations in chemical engineering is so much that without unit operations we can not imagine chemical engineering.</div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">So in this article, I have described unit operations and their types.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">What is Unit Operation?</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;">Unit operation is the basic step in any chemical process. In unit operations, physical changes take place in the material.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Flowing of fluid, Heating of liquid, separation of two components are some examples of these basic steps. Chemical processes consist of several of these unit operations.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As mechanical engineers are concerned with machinery and scientists to work on reactions, There is a requirement of a bridge between them. So chemical engineering is born. Chemical engineers work on the process of conversion of raw materials to desired products by reactions determined by scientists with the help of mechanical engineers who work on the machine side.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">So none of the two ends, Scientists and Mechanical Engineers study different steps required in a chemical process. These steps in the chemical process also called unit operations are studied and developed only by chemical engineers.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Importance of Unit Operation</span></h3><ul><li>Unit operations simplify the chemical process</li><li>Unit operations help to understand different aspects of chemical engineering</li><li>Unit operations make the study of the whole process easier</li><li>Unit operations help us to make the process more efficient</li></ul><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Unit Operation vs Unit Process</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;">Unit operations and unit processes are two different types of steps that combined help us to completely define any chemical process.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Unit processes are a step in any chemical process in which physical, as well as chemical changes, take place in the material.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Here the main difference between unit operations and unit processes comes into the picture. Unit operations only involve physical changes in the material where the chemical process also incorporates chemical changes.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Most unit processes are part of the curriculum of science students. Unit processes are not generally studied in depth by chemical engineers. Chemical engineers study unit operations in depth.</div><br /><h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #fff2cc;">Types of Unit Operations</span></h3>Unit operations are classified into four groups according to their effect on different parameters such as pressure, temperature, composition and, size, and shape.<br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2021/06/fluid-mechanics-fluid-flow-phenomena.html" target="_blank">Fluid flow operations</a></b> - In fluid flow operations properties such as pressure, velocity, and momentum change take place. Important fluid flow equipment is <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/03/pumps.html" target="_blank">a pump</a>, fan, blower, compressor, pipe, fittings, etc.</li><li><b>Heat transfer operations</b> - In heat transfer operations properties such as temperature and energy change takes place. Important heat transfer equipment is a heat exchanger, reboiler, condenser, evaporator, etc.</li><li><b>Mass transfer operations</b> - In mass transfer operations properties such as composition and concentration change takes place. Important heat transfer equipment is plate tower, packed column, venturi scrubber, falling film column, etc.</li><li><b><a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/04/mechanical-operations.html" target="_blank">Mechanical operations</a></b> - Finally in mass transfer operations properties such as size and shape change takes place. Mechanical operations revolve around solids. Important mechanical operation equipment is <a href="https://chemoconcept.blogspot.com/2020/04/size-reduction-equipments.html" target="_blank">crushers</a>, screens, mixers, filters, etc. </li></ul><div><br /></div><div>Here is one video of Chemical Engineering Guy regarding Unit Operations: </div><div><br /></div><div>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ntjyr9kXuCs" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></div>Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-81139041152709264952020-05-20T03:32:00.014-07:002023-04-19T23:28:50.823-07:00Boilers - Mechanical Operations - Chemo Concept<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div><span style="background-color: white;">In the chemical industry and in the petroleum industry, polymer industry, food industry, pharmaceutical industry, and textile industry, Steam plays an important role in the proper functioning of the plant. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>And the equipment which generates steam from the water is called boiler which we will discuss today. </span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQW8jphcSBny9KzO1oYHdOebBpQwCbzxG5W37FPSbZm1oq_bUzVY2T5V_soBm2mDRhyphenhyphenV0D3DSNLJmjdDa2bvQy7QckciFeOdC3n7896Ih5U7782d5cbDB3YvcJbGOtw4NAGY1yj7SAkOhM/s1280/boilers.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQW8jphcSBny9KzO1oYHdOebBpQwCbzxG5W37FPSbZm1oq_bUzVY2T5V_soBm2mDRhyphenhyphenV0D3DSNLJmjdDa2bvQy7QckciFeOdC3n7896Ih5U7782d5cbDB3YvcJbGOtw4NAGY1yj7SAkOhM/s16000/boilers.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span><br /></span></div></span></div>
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In today's articles, we will not only understand what is Boiler but also We will understand how the boiler works, the importance of boiler, types of boiler, some widely used boilers, boiler water treatment process and we will end this post by understanding boiler accessories which is essential for the proper functioning of the boiler.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;">What is Boiler</span></h1>
<div><span style="background-color: white;">The boiler is a closed vessel designed to create steam from water. Steam generated in the boiler is generally are saturated steam. </span></div>
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Some boiler also has an arrangement of superheating of steam which results in the production of superheated steam.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTLVBkLYNRQE6Ni0WoNmOucTCyu1aH0q1SNXunodJarbsHCIa83yqEUo8QHjXge6WMKxvrRuS9v3idkzIzQ01lyV891S4M434HPu32ZN16ZXzqAbAHQTwggTEmUmxt0pJTeIAqkQWyVPRh/s1600/800px-Fire_tube_steam_boiler_bahan_bakar_Gas_LPG_dan_Solar_winsketel.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="re_tube_steam_boiler_bahan_bakar_Gas_LPG_dan_Solar_winsketel" border="0" data-original-height="573" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTLVBkLYNRQE6Ni0WoNmOucTCyu1aH0q1SNXunodJarbsHCIa83yqEUo8QHjXge6WMKxvrRuS9v3idkzIzQ01lyV891S4M434HPu32ZN16ZXzqAbAHQTwggTEmUmxt0pJTeIAqkQWyVPRh/s1600/800px-Fire_tube_steam_boiler_bahan_bakar_Gas_LPG_dan_Solar_winsketel.jpg" title="re_tube_steam_boiler_bahan_bakar_Gas_LPG_dan_Solar_winsketel" /></a></td></tr>
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Superheating is offer carried out on steam to increase its temperature above saturation temperature and to reduce chances of water condensation in steam lines. </span></div>
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In the Boiler indirect heating of water by flue gas generated by a fuel, burning takes place to generate steam. </span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;">How Boiler Works</span></h2>
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Let's learn about how a boiler works. </span></div>
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First of the fuel is burned in the furnace to generate flue gases. Flue gases travel through the boiler and contact with cold or preheated water. Heat Transfer between water and flue gases takes place and steam generation takes place. </span></div>
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Due to the high temperature of flue gases steam generation takes place from water. </span></div>
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Steam is collected into the steam drum and transported out of the boiler. </span></div>
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Flue gases are sent to the recovery section to recover heart energy from it or sent to profit to remove Contaminants and pollutants from flue gases. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;">Importance of Boiler in Industry</span></h2>
<div><span style="background-color: white;">The boiler is one of the most important utilities because steam has many applications in chemical plants. </span></div>
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Let's list down some applications of steam</span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;">1. As a heating medium</b></div>
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Steam can be used as direct heating or indirect heating medium. </span></div>
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Indirect heating, Steam is directly injected into the product to be heated. Proper mixing of substances is also provided for proper and uniform heating of substances. Sparger tubes are provided to mix steam with the substance. </span></div>
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In indirect cooling, Steam is indirectly contacted with the substance in a heat exchanger. The heat transfer between steam and the product takes place due to the temperature difference between them. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>2. As reactant in reactions such as steam reforming</b></span></div>
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In a steam reforming reaction, steam is injected into a reformer and mixed with a hydrocarbon such as methane, ethane, propane, etc which on reaction yields water gas ( Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen gas). Which is further purified to get pure hydrogen. </span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;">3. To generate electric power</b></div>
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As the steam contains energy which can be utilised to rotate the turbine and extract electricity from the energy of the steam. </span></div>
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In every power plant, there is a similar process in which fuel is burned to generate steam which is further used to generate electricity. </span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;">4. Steam as Humidifier</b></div>
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Humidification treatment is often required for equipment where a static charge may generate where steam can be used as a humidifier. Humidification helps to nullify that static charge. </span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;">5. Steam as Drying Agent</b></div>
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Due to Its heating property of steam, It can be used to dry some substances. There is more indirect contact Drying while using Drying a heating medium. </span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Types of Boiler (Classification of Boiler)</span></h2>
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There are many types of boilers based on different parameters. </span></div>
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Let's list out and understand the types of boiler</span></div>
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<div><span style="background-color: white;">A boiler can be classified according to the pressure of the steam Boiler can create</span></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="background-color: white;"><b>High-pressure steam Boiler</b> - which creates high-pressure steam. The pressure of steam these Types of Boiler generates are greater than 100 bar. </span></li><li><b>Medium pressure steam boiler</b><span style="background-color: white;">: This type of boiler creates steam of pressure less than 100 but greater than 10. </span></li></ol>
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For low-pressure steam, generally, the boiler is not used but medium pressure steam is often stepped down at lower pressure or it's directly get generated when steam pressures lower in any equipment. </span></div>
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According to fuel used in firing boilers can be classified as </span></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Solid fuel-fired boiler</b>: Solid fuel such as coal, wood, coke, etc is used as a fuel to generate flue gases which further heats the water. </span></li><li><b>Liquid fuel-fired boiler</b><span style="background-color: white;">: Liquid fuel such as fuel oil, furnace oil etc is used to generate steam by heating water with flue gases. </span></li><li><b>Gaseous fuel-fired boiler</b><span style="background-color: white;">: These types of boiler uses gaseous fuel such as CNG, Petroleum Gas, etc as the heating medium for steam generation. </span></li></ol>
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<div><span style="background-color: white;">A boiler can be also be classified according to furnace count</span></div>
<div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Single furnace boiler</b>: Single fired boiler contains only one heater to generate flue gas. </span></li><li><b>Double furnace boiler</b><span style="background-color: white;">: A pair of furnaces in a double furnace boiler generates flow gases. </span></li></ol>
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<div><span style="background-color: white;">The boiler can also be classified according to air circulation technique</span></div>
<div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Natural circulating boiler</b>: Natural circulating boiler exhibits natural circulation of air inside the boiler without the use of any fan. Hot gases are light in density so goes to the top and creates suction for atmospheric air. </span></li><li><b>Forced circulation boiler</b><span style="background-color: white;">: Boilers in which there are a set of fans or only one fan depending on air circulation rate to exhibit the flow of air. The induced draft fan is used to suck air from the furnace which crafts suction for atmospheric air. Forces draft fan forces atmospheric air into the furnace. </span></li></ol>
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<div><span style="background-color: white;">A boiler can also be classified according to the Arrangement of water and flue gas in tubes or in the shell.</span></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Fire-tube boiler</b>: In a fire tube boiler there is the flow of flue gases inside the tube of the boiler. The fuel burned in the furnace generates flue gases that pass through tubes and breasts the water which is in the shell. </span></li><li><b>Water-tube boiler</b><span style="background-color: white;">: In a water tube boiler water flows in tubes and the flue gases generated on the furnace flows in the shell. </span></li></ol>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Most Popular Boiler (Commonly Used)</span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white;">Cochran boiler</b></h3>
<div><span style="background-color: white;">A Cochran boiler is a fire tube boiler that contains tubes held in a horizontal direction in which flue gases flows and heats the water outside tubes. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihP_hi1xyUxjFewzKR1VN1iH_bKuEdqY2-a5Xcl9tf6xq4jlwRjlJIedD61AwJk8B2W0bvDgFeJEJ4gIbhh9AtgOR2KXBWX2kbNr_iu_PMJWVq_KBaBTMmNzX6ZBYSq-J2us3Wxam7ACsq/s1600/426px-Cochran_boiler%252C_section_%2528Bentley%252C_Sketches_of_Engine_and_Machine_Details%2529.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Cochran Boiler - Chemo Concept" border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihP_hi1xyUxjFewzKR1VN1iH_bKuEdqY2-a5Xcl9tf6xq4jlwRjlJIedD61AwJk8B2W0bvDgFeJEJ4gIbhh9AtgOR2KXBWX2kbNr_iu_PMJWVq_KBaBTMmNzX6ZBYSq-J2us3Wxam7ACsq/s1600/426px-Cochran_boiler%252C_section_%2528Bentley%252C_Sketches_of_Engine_and_Machine_Details%2529.jpg" title="Cochran Boiler - Chemo Concept" /></a></div>
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Cochran boiler is a vertical type of Boiler. </span></div>
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In Cochran, boiler flue gases get generated at the bottom tank of the boiler and flow to the middle of the tank which is connected with the number of horizontal tubes. Flue gas passes through the tube and heats water outside. Then flue gases leave from the end of the tube to stack. </span></div><div><b><br /></b></div><h3 style="text-align: center;"><b>Babcock-Wilcox Boiler</b></h3><div><span style="background-color: white;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6K9CojyWiM073rdLFg0sUWifxqGCkL2rNMoue7ERvQqTqZB6LV1Uk-MoHBVZq5XyMMjHjvuzqAWhlhp11LsjpLmAjzrV4KvY6Nvv-_OV1lNfIGEvrOcpVb5jXqtNyojVqmbRHTyzLPxv2/s1600/787px-Babcock_and_Wilcox_boiler%252C_section_%2528Heat_Engines%252C_1913%2529.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Babcock-Wilcox Boiler - Chemo Concept" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="787" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6K9CojyWiM073rdLFg0sUWifxqGCkL2rNMoue7ERvQqTqZB6LV1Uk-MoHBVZq5XyMMjHjvuzqAWhlhp11LsjpLmAjzrV4KvY6Nvv-_OV1lNfIGEvrOcpVb5jXqtNyojVqmbRHTyzLPxv2/s1600/787px-Babcock_and_Wilcox_boiler%252C_section_%2528Heat_Engines%252C_1913%2529.jpg" title="Babcock-Wilcox Boiler - Chemo Concept" /></a></div>
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Babcock-Wilcox Boiler is a water tube boiler in which fuel is burned at bottom of the boiler and the flue gases generated travels vertical to the top.<br />Some tubes are connected with a water tank and water circulates into it. Water gets heated from flue gases, generates steam and steam flows over water in the water drum, and recovers from the top.</span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white;">Lancashire Boiler</b></h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFEQd3AqA0XVVZimaH8YbfOyKTV3eB_BdQ1ILMn5UX3dTM_ZSQ8Ko70sS1Sq9qpNI-omKjgHFLBYo8mZfolPeiZ5fOSdi58ZM1AEHml1sSvPdZzZiYUrUIbMiLXXN91nAc4_9TMy1S0iLd/s1600/800px-Lancashire_boiler_%2528Jamieson%252C_Elementary_Manual_on_Heat_Engines%2529.jpg" style="background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Lanchashire Boiler - Chemo Concept" border="0" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFEQd3AqA0XVVZimaH8YbfOyKTV3eB_BdQ1ILMn5UX3dTM_ZSQ8Ko70sS1Sq9qpNI-omKjgHFLBYo8mZfolPeiZ5fOSdi58ZM1AEHml1sSvPdZzZiYUrUIbMiLXXN91nAc4_9TMy1S0iLd/s1600/800px-Lancashire_boiler_%2528Jamieson%252C_Elementary_Manual_on_Heat_Engines%2529.jpg" title="Lanchashire Boiler - Chemo Concept" /></a></div>
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Lancashire Boiler is a horizontal fire tube boiler. Flue gases generated from fuels travel horizontally in tune and heats the water in the shell. Steam generated in the shell is taken out from the top of the boiler. </span></div>
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Flue gas path can be straight or maybe u shape style.<br />
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Boiler Water Treatments</span></h2>
<div><span style="background-color: white;">The boiler is a critical piece of equipment that needs special care. The feed water which is used to generate steam in the boiler should be pure. </span></div>
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The water taken from any source such as River, lake, underground water etc can not be directly used as boiler feedwater. </span></div>
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Water is first screened to remove floating or suspended macro impurity. Then coagulation (flocculation) is done on water in the coagulation tank to remove all suspended impurities.</span></div>
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Then water is filtered by a sand filter and then by the charcoal filter to remove micro impurities from water. The ion exchange process is also used to remove dissolved salts from water and to remove their hardness. Salts responsible for hardness causes scaling and sludge problems in the boiler. </span></div>
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Finally, gases dissolved in water such as oxygen, carbon dioxide which causes corrosion inside the boiler are removed in the deaerator. </span></div>
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Finally water free from and dissolved gases or salts are sent to the boiler for steam generation. </span></div>
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Condensate generated is a condensation of steam from many types of equipment that is recycled back to the boiler after treatment. </span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;">Boiler Accessories</span></h2>
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Accessories are incorporated into the boiler to get specific use of it. </span></div>
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Some common boiler Accessories are </span></div>
<div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Pressure gauge</b>: A pressure gauge is fitted in the boiler to measure the pressure of steam inside the Boiler. </span></li><li><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Water level indicator</b>: The water level indicator indicates the level of water in the tank which is used to know the amount of water present inside the boiler. </span></li><li><b>Pressure relief valve</b><span style="background-color: white;">: A pressure relief valve is used to control excessive pressure of steam. If the pressure of steam increase to a certain level pressure relief valve opens and release steam into the atmosphere to lower pressure inside Boiler. </span></li><li><b>Safety valve</b><span style="background-color: white;">: In case pressure relief valve fails and pressure inside Boiler increase to an alarming value. The safety valve opens and releases all the excessive pressure into the atmosphere. </span></li><li><b>Feed check valve</b><span style="background-color: white;">: The feed check valve is fitted where feed water enters the water drum. Check valve only allows one side of the flow of water which confirms water from boiler doesn't go out. </span></li><li><b>Drain valve:</b><span style="background-color: white;"> When there is the requirement of removing complete water from the boiler for reasons such as shut down or maintenance drain valve is open to remove all the water from the boiler.</span></li><li><b>Manhole</b><span style="background-color: white;">: Manhole is provided for a human to enter into the boiler for cleaning and maintenance works.</span></li></ol>
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Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-72437089208575272072020-05-10T09:28:00.007-07:002023-04-19T23:28:38.399-07:00Cooling tower - Mass Transfer - Chemo Concept<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In every process, industry water is used as raw material and as a utility. After processing in operation water will be hot, to cool down this water cooling tower is used.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil1lK5xKHkQC5DELWRu9sXdTpMVWF-d1ymjsFt8pooEibWhZqzW2EzfFdLEMOR57q8-yXG1vrr9_qEiZ1dkuLKdITdc36e3HPdPtxTU1N3dhnMZPEQF4sk27eettrECOlJEgWEfV-16iMx/s1280/coolingtower.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil1lK5xKHkQC5DELWRu9sXdTpMVWF-d1ymjsFt8pooEibWhZqzW2EzfFdLEMOR57q8-yXG1vrr9_qEiZ1dkuLKdITdc36e3HPdPtxTU1N3dhnMZPEQF4sk27eettrECOlJEgWEfV-16iMx/s16000/coolingtower.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: yellow;">What is a cooling tower?</span></h2>A cooling tower is one type of heat exchanger where water and air come into contact and heat transfer takes place from water to air.<br />
Here direct contact between water and air is done. In this operation around 2% of water is evaporated that's why it also called 'evaporative cooling. To maximize heat transfer area some times packing also provided.<br />
Some terminology used in the cooling tower:<br />
<b style="background-color: yellow;">Blowdown: </b>To maintain the deposited solid in a certain limit to prevent scaling and fouling of the cooling tower some part of circulating water is drained out from the bottom of the cooling tower. With this water deposited solids also remove. This Operation is called the blowdown operation.<br />
<b style="background-color: yellow;">Range: </b>It is the difference between inlet hot water temperature and outlet cooled water temperature.<br />
<b style="background-color: yellow;">Approach: </b>It is the difference between outlet cooled water temperature and wet bulb temperature of inlet air.<br />
Governing factors in the cooling tower:<br />
Hot water temperature<br />
Contact time of air-water<br />
Dry and wet bulb temperature of the air<br />
Distribution of air and water in the cooling tower<br />
Air pressure drop<br />
In which temperature range water have to cool.<br />
Classification of the cooling tower:<br />
Based on governing factors discussed above and operating arrangements cooling towers are classified as:<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: yellow;">(1) Atmospheric cooling tower</b> :</h2>
This is a very simple and basic type of cooling tower. This type of cooling tower looks like a rectangular chamber consisting of louvres (inclined blades for air inlet) at the walls of the cooling tower. Here cooling is done by atmospheric air and no force is given to air for cooling.<br />
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<span style="background-color: yellow;">Advantages: </span>Construction is easy and cheap no fan, and packing needed.<br />
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<li>The operating cost of this cooling tower is low, power consumption only in pumping the water.</li>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;">Disadvantages:</span> It totally depends on air velocity and direction, efficiency is lowest in this type of cooling tower.<br />
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<b style="background-color: yellow;">(2) Natural draft cooling tower: </b></h2>
This type of cooling tower is hyperbolic in shape. There are three reasons for hyperbolic shape.<br />
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<li>More packing can be filled at the bottom because of this shape.</li>
<li>Air easily directed at the centre of the tower and good contact between air and water can take place.</li>
<li>The height of this type of tower is generally high and the hyperbolic shape gives greater structural strength and stability to the tower wall.</li>
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Because of air contacted with hot water, it's the increased air temperature and humidity in the tower, hence the difference in density of the air inside the tower and outside the tower creates a natural flow of air. To increase air velocity of air sometimes fans also included at bottom of the tower.<br />
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Three_Mile_Island_Nuclear_Generating_Station_Unit_2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Natural draft cooling tower" border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="800" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Three_Mile_Island_Nuclear_Generating_Station_Unit_2.jpg" title="Natural draft cooling tower" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;">Advantages: </span>This type of tower is used when need to handle a large quantity of water like in a steam power generation plant.<br />
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<li>operating and maintenance cost is low.</li>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;">Disadvantages: </span>Because of the large tower area and height initial cost is high.<br />
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: yellow;">(3) Mechanical draft cooling tower : </b></h2>
Construction of this type of cooling tower is small and easy compared to the natural draft cooling tower. It's rectangular in shape. Based on the fan located on the tower it has two types:<br />
<b style="background-color: yellow;">(A) Forced draft cooling tower: </b><br />
In this fan, airflow is located at bottom of the tower. Air forced by a fan from the bottom and contacted with water coming from the top.<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">Advantages: </span>Vibration created by a fan in the tower is less compared to an Induced draft tower because the fan is fitted at ground level.<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">Disadvantages</span>: The distribution of air in the tower is not uniform because thrown air by forced draft can't be in the centre.<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Some part of the air can recirculate back in the tower which has high temperature and humidity affects the performance of the tower.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b style="background-color: yellow;">(B) Induced draft cooling tower:</b><br />
In this type of tower, the fan is located at the top of the tower. Fan creates a vacuum at the top and it sucks air towards the top. In this type distribution of air is uniform because the suction is at the centre of the tower. Based on the airflow direction of contact with water it is further divided into two types.<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">(1)Counterflow induced draft tower:</span><br />
In this type, louvres are only at the bottom, so air comes from the bottom and the counter currently contacted with water.<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">Advantages: </span>Maximum driving force for cooling.Warm water inlet contacts with humid air at the top and cooled water contact with fresh dry air.<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Cells (consists of fan, distributor, accessories) can be added when required to increase capacity.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">Disadvantages: The power</span> required for the fan is higher than cross flow because of the restricted area of the bottom.<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Spray nozzles of water are difficult to clean.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">(2) Crossflow induced draft tower:</span><br />
In this type, louvres are provided at the whole sidewall. Air comes from louvres passed through packing and water cross currently.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/CrossFlow_Cooling_Tower.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Cross flow induced draft cooling tower" border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="730" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/CrossFlow_Cooling_Tower.gif" title="Cross flow induced draft cooling tower" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">Advantages: </span>Less Power required for the same airflow than the counter current-induced draft tower.<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The hot water basin above packing is easily cleanable.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">Disadvantages: </span>Because of louvres provided at the whole wall side more sunlight can enter in interior part which increases algae growth in the tower.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<b style="background-color: yellow;">(4) Spray filled towers:</b></h2>
It works on the same principle as spray tower. Water is sprayed from the top and the induced fan suck air from the bottom contact counter currently.<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">Advantages: </span>No packing needed.<br />
Because of simple construction, the initial cost is low.<br />
<span style="background-color: yellow;">Disadvantages: </span>less efficient than other induced draft cooling tower.</div>
Niravhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09965786801967943527noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-9108281957053438602020-04-25T23:27:00.008-07:002023-04-19T23:28:16.060-07:00Adsorption - Mass Transfer - Chemo Concept<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Whenever industries need to remove solute from fluid then adsorption operation is used like for purification of liquid, gases from moisture, undesired gases from vapour product etc.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqyrCmfqPdEgQ2DD1z6BKAfY1a_kIppIaCjo06r-c9g2GgFH6FLE8OIi2LiPuiNkMQLjMZYiJ-z6MQvLBmzxyeAGkmGrE_URIkNUdDaAXqBf__PqmDe_2B-868kMeZLy_b1yOyqbRH2bEE/s1280/absorption.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqyrCmfqPdEgQ2DD1z6BKAfY1a_kIppIaCjo06r-c9g2GgFH6FLE8OIi2LiPuiNkMQLjMZYiJ-z6MQvLBmzxyeAGkmGrE_URIkNUdDaAXqBf__PqmDe_2B-868kMeZLy_b1yOyqbRH2bEE/s16000/absorption.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: yellow;">What is adsorption?</span></h2>
The phenomenon of the concentration enrichment of chemical substances are the surface of a solid is called adsorption. The substance which adsorbs on solid or fluid is known as adsorbate and the solid on which adsorption operation takes place is known as adsorbent.<br />
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In adsorption, fluid is contacted with solid. The solute is attracted to a solid surface and removed from the fluid as this way we get the desired purity of fluid.</div>
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If the relative volatility of solute in liquid is near to unity then it's very difficult to separate them by distillation, also it will increase capital and operating cost for separation. Hence adsorption also can be used for the gas phase.<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: yellow;">Classification of adsorption</span> </h2>
Adsorption is classified based on interaction forces between adsorbate and adsorbent which are:<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b style="background-color: yellow;">(1) Physical Adsorption:</b> In this intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules of adsorbate and adsorbent is weak like van der Waals force. Also known as physisorption.<br />
<br />
<b style="background-color: yellow;">(2) Chemical Adsorption:</b> If molecules involved chemical interaction forces between adsorbate solute and adsorbent solid then it called chemical Adsorption, also known as chemisorption.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Wfzbo4CCdSsWty7X5JRZ-aIdV03SN52CiS_hogpWRTk0rUwlNj4sEWXeA6po8whZ6uaorFjKgtqwiW5XnWNaYkyRKxF_L0YKZ2ISeGE5MlOLb2Pm56lkQnc6yu7f35qVG3guBHqwhP4V/s1600/Comparison+Between+Physisorption+and+Chemisorption.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Comparison of Physisorption and Chemisorption | Chemo Concept" border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Wfzbo4CCdSsWty7X5JRZ-aIdV03SN52CiS_hogpWRTk0rUwlNj4sEWXeA6po8whZ6uaorFjKgtqwiW5XnWNaYkyRKxF_L0YKZ2ISeGE5MlOLb2Pm56lkQnc6yu7f35qVG3guBHqwhP4V/s1600/Comparison+Between+Physisorption+and+Chemisorption.jpeg" title="Comparison of Physisorption and Chemisorption | Chemo Concept" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
For different adsorbate (solute) different adsorbent (solid) is used, but important general characteristics of adsorbent are given below :<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Adsorbent surface area per unit weight should be high, so forgiven separation adsorbent required is less.</li>
<li>They must be highly porous material.</li>
<li>They should be free-flowing for ease of handling.</li>
<li>They should offer low-pressure drop for the flow of fluid when used in a fixed bed.</li>
<li>They should have high strength.</li>
<li>After adsorption operation desorption of solute from the adsorbent is easy.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Most used adsorbents and their general uses are given below:<br />
<br />
<b style="background-color: yellow;">(1) Activated carbon: </b>used for Removal of colour from sugar solution, drugs, chemicals and also water purification.<br />
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<b style="background-color: yellow;">(2) Silica gel: </b>used for Removal of moisture from the air or other gases, in gas masks and fractionating hydrocarbon.<br />
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<b style="background-color: yellow;">(3) Zeolite (molecular sieve):</b> used for Removal of moisture from both gases and liquids.<br />
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<b style="background-color: yellow;">(4) Bone char: </b>used for Refining of sugar.<br />
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<b style="background-color: yellow;">(5)Activated clay</b>: Used for decolourizing petroleum products.<br />
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<b style="background-color: yellow;">(6)Activated alumina: </b>Used for Removal of sulfur from the fluid.<br />
<br />
<b style="background-color: yellow;">(7) fuller's earth: </b>Also known as natural clay. Used as decolourizer, neutralizer and drying such petroleum products like lubricating oil, vegetable oil, kerosene, gasoline etc.<br />
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: yellow;">Applications of adsorption operation are given as :</span></h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Removal of colour from the sugar solution</li>
<li>Removal of odour impurities from industrial gases.</li>
<li>To recover valuable solvent vapour from gases, for example, coak oven gas adsorption on a solid surface.</li>
<li>Removal of unwanted taste and odour.</li>
<li>To fractionate hydrocarbon gases containing methane, ethane, ethylene, propane and propylene.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<b style="background-color: yellow;">Reference</b></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Principle of mass transfer and separation process by Binay K.Dutta</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Mass transfer-2 K.A ghavane </span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Niravhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09965786801967943527noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380318405273718192.post-31775662500175553342020-04-24T22:45:00.008-07:002023-04-19T23:28:05.975-07:00Solid-Liquid Extraction - Leaching - Mass Transfer - Chemo Concept<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
My previous article was about Liquid-Liquid Extraction. Let's check another side of Extraction, the second type of extraction which is Solid-Liquid Extraction. </div>
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<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFytrKWp1LHKcvywFyG99sm_iudKJ7iQ0yfldSUKfUPW1VqqeLg2u9q1gnwXzFN0v7jJ7Q49fbeuz0lGbiDQ-gozl8DZXhERz_1DMj4Ca3l3QOs7BtTgBpDac-j4rhnphmzoxJQve1L_AZ/s1280/solid-liquide+extraction.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFytrKWp1LHKcvywFyG99sm_iudKJ7iQ0yfldSUKfUPW1VqqeLg2u9q1gnwXzFN0v7jJ7Q49fbeuz0lGbiDQ-gozl8DZXhERz_1DMj4Ca3l3QOs7BtTgBpDac-j4rhnphmzoxJQve1L_AZ/s16000/solid-liquide+extraction.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>
<div>
Solid-Liquid Extraction is also one of the most important mass transfer operations. Unlike Liquid-Liquid extraction, Solid Liquid is a mass Transfer from solid to Liquid phase. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Solid-liquid extraction has its application in many fields such as Chemical, Petroleum, Food, Pharmaceutical, etc. For example, coffee making also works on the principles of Solid-Liquid Extraction. </div>
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What to Know How?</div>
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Read the full Post to learn that also much more.</div>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fffaa5; font-weight: bold;">What is Solid-Liquid Extraction</span></h2>
</div>
<div>
Solid-Liquid Extraction is a solid-liquid contact mass transfer operation in which solute particles are transferred from solid to liquid. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Solid-liquid extraction is also called Leaching.<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
Solid-liquid extraction works on the principle of difference in solubility of specified solids in liquids. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
The liquid used for solid-liquid extraction is called the solvent. The Solid which carries solute particles is called an insoluble solid.</div>
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<span style="background-color: #fffaa5;"><br /></span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fffaa5; font-weight: bold;">Step Involved in Solid-Liquid Extraction</span></h3>
</div>
<div>
Solid-liquid extraction there are steps</div>
<ol>
<li>Size reduction of solids</li>
<li>Mixing of solids with solvent Liquid</li>
<li>Overflow and underflow separation</li>
<li>Solvent recovery from overflow and underflow</li>
</ol>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #fffaa5;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fffaa5; font-weight: bold;">Method of Operation of Solid-Liquid Extraction</span></h4>
</div>
<div>
First of all, solids are crushed and pulverised to make them of the desired size. As the size of solid particles reduces, their surface area increases which make contact with liquid easier and more amount of mass transfer takes place. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Then pulverised solid is mixed with liquid solvent in a tank with an agitator. Agitation takes place inside the tank continuously to mix solid thoroughly with liquid and mass transfer from solid to liquid takes place. </div>
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After that clear liquid is taken off from the top of the mixture and slurry is taken out from the bottom. </div>
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Clear liquid taken off from the top is called overflow which contains solvent with solute transferred from solid. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
From the bottom, the slurry taken out is called underflow. Underflow is consists of an insoluble solid with a solute that is not dissolved in a solvent and a small amount of solvent. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Recovery of solute from overflow and also the separation of solvent from underflow takes place. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Solvent recovered from overflow and underflow is mixed and recycled back to mixing tank. </div>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fffaa5; font-weight: bold;">Factors Affect Solid-Liquid Extraction Operation</span></h4>
</div>
<ol>
<li>Solid: Solid used for solid-liquid extraction can be porous or nonporous. The solute may be distributed on a solid surface or inside pores of solid. Recovery of solute from the solid surface is easier than from pores of solid. Pores of solid create another mass transfer resistance for the solvent to go in and for the solute to come out. Solid particle's size also plays an important role in the operation. Recovery of solute from small size solid particles are easier and more effective than bigger particle sizes. </li>
<li>Solvent: The solvent used for operation is also an important parameter to take into consideration in operation. The solvent which contains desirable properties which are listed below is more preferred.</li>
<li>Temperature: Temperature is also an important parameter in solid-liquid extraction because the solubility of solid particles is also dependent on temperature. </li>
<li>Mixing: Mixing of solid particles and liquid solvent decides the effectiveness of contact which is also important for parameter solid-liquid extraction. More thorough mixing confirms more contact between solid and liquid and this results in higher mass transfer. </li>
</ol>
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<div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fffaa5; font-weight: bold;">Desired Solvent Characteristics for Solid-Liquid Extraction</span></h4>
</div>
<ol>
<li>The solubility of the solute in solvent should be higher. </li>
<li>The solute dissolving capacity of solvent should be high. </li>
<li>The solubility of insoluble solid should be very low or zero (Ideally). </li>
<li>The solvent should be less viscous. </li>
<li>Recovery of solvent from overflow and underflow should be easy. </li>
<li>The solvent should be non-toxic.</li>
<li>The solvent should be non-flammable</li>
<li>The solvent should be cheap and easily available.</li>
</ol>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fffaa5; font-weight: bold;">Operation of Solid-Liquid Extraction</span></h4>
</div>
<div>
Solid-liquid extraction can be used batch-wise, semi-batchwise and also continuous operations. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Also, solid-liquid extraction can be operated at a steady or unsteady state. </div>
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<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fffaa5; font-weight: bold;">Classification of Solid-Liquid Extraction</span></h4>
<div>
There are major two types of Solid-Liquid Extraction processes based on resistance</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<ol>
<li>Diffusional Extraction: In this type of extraction, mass transfer resistance inside a solid is higher. So diffusion of a solvent through pores of solid controls overall mass transfer operation. For example, Sugar recovery from sugar beet is done by using hot water as solvent. Hot water diffusion through sugar beet pores determines the sugar recovery from it. </li>
<li>Washing Extraction: In this type of extraction, mass transfer resistance of liquid film outside solid surface is higher which determines the rate of mass transfer. The diffusion of solute from the liquid film is higher which makes the process such as washing. In washing extraction solvent amount in clear liquid is the same as inside slurry. </li>
</ol>
<div>
<span style="background-color: #fffaa5;"><br /></span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: #fffaa5; font-weight: bold;">Uses of Solid-Liquid Extraction</span></h4>
<ol>
<li>Extraction of soluble coffee from coffee beans by using water. </li>
<li>Extraction of fish oil from fish by using hexane as solvent. </li>
<li>Extraction of sugar from sugar beet by using hot water. </li>
<li>Recovery of vegetable oil from oilseed by using hexane as solvent. </li>
<li>Recovery of flowery odour from flowers by using ethanol as solvent. </li>
<li>Recovery of vanilla from vanilla beans by using the ethanol-water solution. </li>
<li>Phosphoric acid production and recovery from phosphate rocks by Sulphuric acid</li>
<li>Gold recovery from its ore by sodium cyanide. </li>
<li>Copper recovery from its ore by Sulphuric acid. </li>
<li>Separation of lignin from wood chips by using sodium hydroxide or sulphide or sulphate solutions. </li>
</ol>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: yellow;">References</span></h4>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Principles of Mass Transfer and Separation Processes by Binay K. Dutta</li>
<li>Mass Transfer: Theory and Practice by N. Anantharaman and K. M. Meera Sheriff Begum</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Aditya Pandyahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03084108189683385231noreply@blogger.com0